Research On Modern Apprenticeships Governance System In The United Kingdom From Perspectives Of Multiple Stakeholders Of Government,Market And School

The United Kindom has a long history of apprenticeships.The traditional apprenticeships was a effective way of training people,but declined after the industrial revolution.In 1994,the government launched Modern Apprenticeship,trying to solve social employment problem and improve the workforce.In the process of modern apprenticeship reform,the UK has gradually formed a systematic modern apprenticeship governance system.Based on the governance concept,the government has established a governance institution and mechanism including government agencies,employers,training institutions,and schools.This paper uses the literature research method,the historical research method and the comparative research method to sort out and summarize the UK traditional apprenticeship history and the governance concept of the modern apprenticeship,and analyze the governance structure and mechanism from the three main bodies of government,market and school.Finally,through the summary analysis,the future reform of the modern apprenticeship is expected.The traditional apprenticeships,which began in the 12th century,experienced three periods of apprenticeship,guild apprenticeship,statutory apprenticeship and voluntary apprenticeship.During the statutory apprenticeship period,the UK first recognized the significance of apprenticeship to the development of the country's economy,and adopted the legal means to manage the apprenticeship at the initial national level.However,under the impact of commercial trade and the industrial revolution,the traditional apprenticeship lost the necessity of technological inheritance and returned to the stage of laissez-faire.The change of philosophy is the ideological foundation of all reforms.In the 1970s,the Conservative government faced various domestic unemployment problems and launched various training programs to provide training opportunities and jobs for the unemployed.However,the Conservative government that upheld the "neo-liberalism"concept had not systematically governed the apprenticeship and other training programs,and still emphasized the role of the market in addition to the necessary regulation of the government.The New Labor Party government adhered to the "third way" and emphasized the role of the market while highlighting the government's macro management role.In the modern apprenticeship governance,the New Labour government developed various apprenticeship development plans and laws,demonstrating its willingness to govern modern apprenticeships.the United Government adheres to the governance philosophy of "small government,big society"and is committed to enhancing the dominant position of employers in the modern apprenticeship system and giving play to the role of the market in apprenticeship resource allocation.Throughout the governance process,the government has formed a governance concept of government macro-coordination and market-based operation.Under the guidance of this governance concept,the UK government represented by the Department of Education is responsible for the top-level design of the modern apprenticeship system,including the construction of the legal system,the improvement of the apprenticeship framework and standards,and the establishment of a modern apprenticeship accountability system.The public institutions such as the Apprenticeship and Technical Education Institution,the Education and Skills Fund Agency are responsible for the implementing policies,including quality assurance mechanisms and funding mechanisms.This is the Mesoscopic management and supervision of the apprenticeship system.At the micro level,the employer-led Trailblazer group is responsible for developing apprenticeship standards based on the needs of the labor market.The entire process of apprenticeship training is jointly carried out by employers and training providers.In order to better match employers and training providers,there are also training subcontracting and training intermediaries in the apprenticeship training market.The school is a special training provider in the modern apprenticeship system.As the demand for highly skilled personnel in the UK continues to increase,the UK government is also committed to encouraging further education colleges and higher education institutions to participate in higher apprenticeships and degree apprenticeships,to enhance the level of apprenticeships and the quality of training,while promoting vocational education and higher education.The convergence of education.Modem apprenticeship governance in the UK has formed a complete governance system,but there are still many areas for improvement.For example,the apprenticeship system under the apprenticeship system has not yet been established,the end-point assessment and workplace training need to be improved.The higher apprenticeships and degree apprenticeships require more further education colleges and higher education institutions' participation.These problems seem to be independent issues,but each part of the reform needs the coordination between different stakeholers in the governance system,through clarifying the responsibilities and form better governance structure and operational mechanism.Governance is a process of dynamic development,and it is a process of "taking the lead and moving the whole body".The UK modern apprenticeship needs to be problem-oriented,constantly explored in theory and practice,and meet the needs of British social development.