| The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was formed in 2001,which was composed originally of China,Russia,Tajikistan,Kyrgyzstan,and Kazakhstan.The main agenda behind the creation of SCO was is to enlarge cooperation among the member states to resolve the border issues as they have shared common border and to combat terrorism,extremism,separatism,illegal drug trafficking and other illegal movements and crimes.It was recorded as an important event of further advancement in the field of multilateralism specially in term of regional affairs.It has emerged the opportunity to increase cooperation among them and integrate with each other for better future.Afghanistan is situated among the members of SCO and having serious security challenges and facing increasing terrorism therefore endanger the peace and stability of the whole region.As SCO's one of the primary objective is conflict resolution and establishing peace and stability in the region while Afghanistan is its observer member as well as neighbor country of SCO members,therefore it is the core concern of the organization.SCO is playing very important role in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan through different way and means.This thesis is an attempt to answer the question what are the difficulties and advantages that SCO has faced when it helps to promote Afghanistan's peace and stability since 2001? The SCO engagement in Afghanistan is an important development.Exploring SCO role in bringing eternal peace and security in Afghanistan and difficulties facing and limits that SCO has both theoretically as well as practically need to understand.It will help to know about SCO role in Afghanistan.In terms of theoretical significance,it's important to study the patterns of international organizations that have created a far greater intensity of efforts and symbols moving with far greater extensity and at a far greater velocity,than in earlier periods.In terms of practical significance,social,political and economic fabrics have been completely destroyed by the decade's long wars,foreign interventions and internal issues and more specially the encroachment of other regional powers,which directed the security situation of Afghanistan in a harsh position by doing their proxies in Afghan land.This thesis consists of five chapters.The first chapter includes the background of study,research objective,research question,literature review,theoretical framework and research methodology.The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was formed on April 1996.It has some phases of completion as to name officially SCO,and it's consisted of regional countries.These countries had border issues in the past and solved it under the structure of SCO organization.SCO emphasized over the border selection and confidence-building measures(CBM)among member states.SCO focused strongly on political,social,educations and economic cooperation in the region as well as above all assumes the status of an entity of promoting peace and stability in the region.As regional security and stability is the priority of the organization has been eradicating three evil of terrorism,extremism,and separatism from the region.The second chapter consists of the spillover of Afghanistan's turmoil and SCO response.It is clear that Afghanistan has faced many challenges during the history and it caused instability in the region.Afghanistan has witnessed of war for four decades and it's because of weak government and two great power invasion as well as regional proxy spillover.Afghan civil war was happen after clashes on power between the Mujahidin groups to hold the power in Afghanistan therefore,they destabilize Afghanistan.Civil war in Afghanistan has created trans-border problems for regional countries.This war was going among seven groups of Mujahidin who fought the Soviets union at first with the support and observation of US,Pakistan and Saudi Arab and it cause huge instability in the region as well.The United States invasion of Afghanistan because of Al-Qaida was in charged in 9/11 attack on world trade center in US.As Al-Qaeda safe haven and camp were in Afghanistan and especially in Tribal area of Pakistan which share a long border with Afghanistan therefore after few hours of the attack the US decided.It's made a strategy to persuade the global community that this is not an attack on the United States but this is attack on the whole world and humanity.America has also mobilized the United Nations powers and potentials to act against the al-Qaeda terrorist group around the world,especially in Afghanistan.Drug trafficking spoil over to the neighboring country apart from the production of small weaponry,the drug trafficking is a new security threats regionally and globally.This threats spread out trans?national organized crime,corruption and the development of illicit black-market economies,as its affect Afghanistan and Central Asia,Iran,Pakistan and other neighbors countries.The SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group which was established in 2005 to talk among Afghanistan and SCO members;SCO-ACG which is continually meets Afghan issues and support Afghanistan over it,specially they engaged to solve the problem of terrorism and drugs trafficking.The third chapter consists of the complexity of SCO members' relations and tricky Afghan problems.SCO member states always pay more attention to their own goals and agenda.India and Pakistan has long problem on Kashmir territory.Tension between India and Pakistan has negatively affected the peace process in Afghanistan.As key members of the SCO,China and Russia also have different concerns on Afghan issues.Certain interests of China and Russia in Central Asian countries and Afghanistan have been inevitably collided.For example,Russia has been worried about China's growing commercial involvement in Afghanistan.There are also border and water disputes among Central Asian countries.There are structural tensions between Central Asian countries and Russia as well.Some Central Asian countries' close security relations with the United States have also caused Russian dissatisfaction.These problems have weakened the role of the SCO as a regional platform in helping resolve the Afghan issue.The forth chapter consists of the advantage of SCO in promoting afghan peace and stability.The SCO has geographical advantages and other comparative advantages in helping to solve the Afghanistan problem.A series of transnational threats in Afghanistan and surrounding areas has posed great challenges to the regional stability,but also create opportunities for cooperation among SCO member states.With the withdrawal of western troops in Afghanistan in recent years,the Afghan government has paid more attention to the support and help of the SCO and other neighboring countries.Although there are still a series of difficulties for the SCO in resolving the Afghan issues,the SCO's ability and willingness to help solve the Afghan issue are growing.Besides,the SCO member states can also use their unique advantages to create better conditions for solving the Afghan problems.For example,Pakistan can play an active role in promoting the political reconciliation process in Afghanistan.And China not only has a deep strategic partnership with Pakistan,but also the largest economic investor in Afghanistan and Pakistan,which means it could play an irreplaceable role in strengthening cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan and stabilizing the regional situation.The fifth chapter consists of conclusion and recommendations;SCO is emerging as an important regional organization,and it has a significant impact on peace,stability and prosperity of the region.It has huge importance for Afghanistan and this organization strengthens its policy toward the problem and as well trying to find new way for peace and stability.Its member countries are focusing on three evils,“terrorism,extremism and separatism” and strengthen cooperation and stop the challenging coercion of terrorist action in the area.SCO is an important partnership for Afghanistan in the region. |
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