The Formation And Development Of Modern State And Its Social Foundation

With the development of national theory,political philosophers began to regard the nation as the product of social development.Durkheim believes that we can explain social phenomena in two ways,functional approach and historical one.The functional approach can not explain why social phenomena "exist".However,the historical approach can trace to the source,see the origin of social phenomena,so as to draw a reasonable inference.As a "social phenomenon,",a logical general rule can be obtained,when we want to explain why it exists,how it exists,and where is the direction in the future,we can choose historical approach to observe social phenomena.Durkheim's theory of state is based on his observation of the social and national forms in history.First of all,Durkheim points out the research methods of "pre-society" in "Montesquieu and Rousseau".This thinking of "reductionism" removes "society from man",which proves why "society exists before man",thus explaining that human characteristics,including morality,are gifts from society.Then,Durkheim combed the types of social development in different historical stages.He showed the changes from the primitive tribes to the modern society,and tracked the evolution of the state on this basis.In the process,we can understand that the modern state does not occur accidently,nor is it created by philosophers by mind.It is a phenomenon which lies in society: The formation and development of a nation must be based on the corresponding social foundation,and it will surely face with twists and turns or even failure without social foundation.At the same time,we can know that in the process of primitive society to high-level society dominated by organic unity,the evolution emerged continuously and regularly.The social restraint force once controlled social status was gradually weakened.Such as blood relationship,religion,region,the bonds that brought individuals together in the old system were defeated by booming individualism in modern society,but Durkheim reasoned that: Although the traditional beliefs becomes less important,it is increasingly advanced.The increasingly complex modern societies will never disintegrate,and division of labor will lead to solidarity in the state in the normal state.The solidarity is the moral foundation upon which the nation is founded.In reality,national modern development is quite different with the blueprint summarized by Durkheim through historical observation,and even the morbid appears.Durkheim argues that the cause is the social absence.The current national evolution is,and will continue to be a transition to a higher society dominated by organic solidarity.Durkheim,who insists on reorganizing the country in a way of social reform,believes that the rapid transformation of society has led to a two-way confusion of state organizations and individuals.People have lost the way to unite through social ties.The reason why the country under the old system can maintain stability is that the state can exert pressure on people through social solidarity and maintain order with social regulation.Although the social order presents an obvious repressive nature,it provides a stable moral unity for the whole country,and thus the country is stable.In Durkheim's theory,we can clearly see the obvious differences between the contemporary society and the traditional society.In the transition to the higher social stage,the sick form of the state is also the manifestation of social unfitness.How to find the proper social foundation of national transformation and how to resolve the crisis in the transformation of new society by means of "reorganization" are also among Durkheim's national theoretical research.Durkheim's plan is to rebuild the corporation and return "society" to political life.