The Characteristics Of Updating Situation Model With Protagonist Dimension In Text-reading Of Senior Grade Children In Primary School

Text-reading mainly has three processing levels: surface code,text base and situation model.The surface code involve words and sentences information,the text base involve semantic information,and the situation model is a mental model formed by combining the background knowledge of the reader on the basis of the first two representations of the text.The research of situation model are mostly focus on adults,while the research on children is less.Previous studies have found age-related declines in surface code and text base processing but no declines in updating of the situation model.Some studies have found that children have been able to construct situation models in game and other activities in the later primary school years.However,other studies have found that children sometimes have difficulties in some dimensions.Previous studies have suggested that fourth grade may be a transitional stage of reading,but the developmental characteristics for updating situation models in children are not clear.In addition,the protagonists' dimension is very important in the model,including characters and objects information,but the previous research on the change and the relationship between characters and objects were relatively lacking.Therefore,this study takes the protagonist dimension as an example to explore the processing characteristics of the updating situation model in primary school children of senior grade.study 1 focus on the developmental characteristics of children at three levels of discourse representation.77 subjects were tested using the signal detection paradigm,including 32 people in grade 4 and 45 in grade 6.The results has shown that the receptivity of surface code and situation model is higher than that of text base level,and there are only differences between the grades of surface code level.This showed that only the surface code level of children increases with age,the level of situation model has been successfully constructed in the fourth grade and is independent of the development of age,and children all have limitations in semantic understanding.study 2 continued to explore the processing characteristics of senior grade children in the context of situation updating,and discussed the changes of characters and objects,including two experiments.Experiment 2a used the event segmentation paradigm todiscuss whether children can detect the situation's updating.77 children participated and 38 in grade 4 and 39 in grade 6.Results showed that children have a higher segmentation probability when characters shifted.Experiment 2b used the detection paradigm to discuss how children process this change.A total of 106 people participated in experiment 2b,49 in grade 4 and 57 in grade 6.Results showed that children will encounter processing difficulties when the protagonist dimension changed and it is difficult to solve.Although all indicators performed better in sixth grade than in fourth grade,no interaction was found.It showed that the ability to detect changes and update the situation was independent of age.In order to further explore the processing of children when the situation is updated,the third part of the study explores the relationship between characters and objects.A total of 97 people participated in the experiment,48 in grade 4 and 49 in grade 6.The results showed that children would encounter processing difficulties in updating the situation model when the relationship was inconsistent.All of the above indicators performed better in sixth grade than in the fourth grade.But again,no interaction was found,suggesting that age did not affect children's ability to update semantic situation changes.This study discussed the characteristics of senior grade children in primary school at three processing levels,and discussed the characteristics of children's updating situation model on the changes of characters and objects,and their relationship.The results showed that the representation ability of text base is lower than that of surface code and situation model.Children are able to recognize the updating of the situation,and there are character-shift effect and semantic-inconsistency effect in updating situation model.Moreover,the updating ability of the situation model in this stage is independent of age.