| Through field investigation,the author interviewed the old artists,understood and familiar with the general situation of Ordos music and culture,obtained a lot of audio-visual materials through attending the wedding and banquet in Ordos,and obtained a lot of text materials and documents about Ordos Mongolian string through visiting Ordos Museum,Ordos Cultural Museum and library.The name of Mongolian Sanxian is directly transliterated as"Shanzha" and "Xianzi" according to Mongolian language.It is one of the ancient and traditional musical instruments of Mongolian nationality.In Ordos area,Mongolian Sanxian and Sihu,Yangqin and Mongolian flute are known as "four major pieces" which are generally used in Grand festivals or wedding banquets.Mongolian three strings are bright,crisp and penetrating.They are good at playing light,happy and beautiful melody.The Mongolian three string music,the essence of national history and culture and national folk culture,is a representative musical instrument with Mongolian characteristics.In this paper,focusing on the influential three strings in Ordos folk cultural life,from the analysis of the history of the three strings,the shape,the development of performance methods and other issues as the starting point,in-depth exploration of folk music in Ordos area.The paper is divided into four chapters,the first chapter introduces the general situation of Ordos culture,mainly describes the history of Ordos and the unique Ordos culture formed by the geographical location of Ordos.The second chapter introduces the general situation of Ordos three strings,mainly divided into three string history,three string shape,three string performance method and so on.The third chapter discusses the development of Ordos string.It is mainly divided into three strings in Ordos wedding banquet,the art of playing and singing of three strings,and the music form of three stringsThe first chapter gives a brief introduction to the culture of Ordos area.Ordos means "numerous palaces" in the Han Dynasty.In 1949,Ordos was also called Dazhao League.In October 2001,it was renamed Ordos City.It is a prefecture level city under the jurisdiction of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.It is located in the southwest of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,in the hinterland of Ordos Plateau,between 37 ° 35 '24 "-40 ° 51 ' 40 " north latitude and 106 ° 42 ' 40 "-111° 27 ' 20 " east longitude,The total area is 86752 square kilometers Ordos is a semi-arid continental climate area in the north temperate zone,with great changes in winter and summer.In 2018,Ordos governs two districts and seven banners.The municipal government is located in Kangbashi District,with a permanent population of 2078400.Each banner is composed of etoke banner,etokeqian banner,Wushen Banner,Hangjin Banner,ijinholo banner,Jungar banner and Dalat banner.Ordos is a vast area with few people,so it creates a forthright character for people living in Ordos.The old saying "friends come from afar,which is not surprising" is very close to the local customs.It can be seen from this that most of the melodies of Ordos three string repertoire are cheerful and enthusiastic,reflecting the enthusiasm and forthright character of Ordos people everywhere.The second chapter is the general situation of Ordos string.The important analysis of the three string history,the three string shape,the three string performance method and so on.Three stringed history:Mongolian three stringed has a long history,and now it spreads among Han,Mongolian,Bai,Yi and other nationalities,Japan,Mongolia and other countries.Because of its wide spread,its name is also diversified.For example,Mongolia is called "shudari ancient",Han is called "three stringed",and Inner Mongolia is called "Shanzha".The author learned from the field work that the three strings are also called "Xianzi" in Ordos area,which is a simplified language of "three strings"."Art comes from life",Mongolian Sanxian absorbed Mongolian folk culture in the long history of Mongolian,and developed from palace music to folk music.Sanxian has a history of more than 200 years in Ordos area.In the continuous evolution of history,it has been integrated into the local life and folk music in Ordos area,forming a distinctive performance style different from other areas of the Mongolian nationality and becoming a representative instrument in OrdosThree string shape:Mongolian three string shape:in the past,herdsmen in Ordos would make three string,four Hu and other folk instruments by themselves.The production method is simple and easy to understand.The three strings are composed of drum frame,skin,code and hook.1.Piano and drum:it is elliptical and formed by drum skin and drum frame.Originally,the three string drum skin in Ordos was made of animal skin such as cattle,sheep and donkeys,and the tone color of the three strings made in this way is dull.In recent years,the three stringed drum skin is made of boa skin,water snake and wild snake skin.The drum frame is made of four pieces of wood,a total of 54cm,made of redwood and sandalwood.The length of the drum is 20-22cm and the width is 19cm.2.String hook:located directly below the drum,it is used to hook three strings of three strings.3.Piano Code:it can be divided into upper and lower piano codes,generally made of bamboo.The lower code is one-third of the drum position,while the upper code is at the top of the pole.The two codes of the three strings make the three strings at the right distance.4.Piano pole:it is usually made of wood such as ebony or green sandalwood.The length and width of the piano pole are 65cm and 3cm respectively.5.Strings:in Ordos,the strings of the three strings can use rhyme to call the children's strings,which are very soft and easy to be short.Now it is made of nylon,steel string,plastic rope and other materials.The old string and the middle string are pure five degrees,the old string and the first string are pure eight degrees,and the first string and the middle string are pure four degrees.When I interviewed Xiao Jiansheng,a three string performer,he said,we have reformed the three strings in terms of pole,drum and Qiang,drum skin,copper self support,etc.1?Because the three strings used by the folk are long,difficult to change and difficult to control when playing,Xiao Jiansheng adjusted the length of the piano rod.2?The larger the drum and Qiang,the thicker the tone color of the three strings,so it is better to use a drum and Qiang that is suitable for the tone color of the three strings.3?The drum skin of the three strings is made of mangpi,which has some disadvantages:first,mangpi is very expensive.Secondly,mangpi will become damp in rainy days,so when it comes to acting in rainy days,it is necessary to wrap the three stringed drum and Qiang to ensure that its drum skin is not affected by damp." So Xiao Jiansheng invented a man-made mangpi.4?In order to prevent the three strings from slipping when playing for a long time.Xiao Jiansheng invented the copper self frame which can fix the three strings.The reform of Xiao Jiansheng's three strings has a great influence on the performance of Ordos three strings.Three string performance method:in the past,Ordos folk artists used fingernails to play three strings.With the evolution of three strings,they now use "playing stick" to play music.In an interview with Hala Zhen,the inheritor of Ordos short tune folk songs,the author learned that she is a rare outstanding folk artist who plays three strings with her fingernails.Halajen explained that the fingernails should be kept 3mm,neither too long nor too short.During the running in process,the fingernails will become cocoons,which will be better used in playing.The three string rod is played with the round column rod held by the right hand.Generally,there are more plastic materials,less wood and horn materials.The rod is clamped between the index finger and middle finger of the right hand,and the string is moved to make a sound.The length of the elastic rod is 8-9cm,and the sound produced by using the elastic rod is bright,crisp and penetrating.It is found that there is a difference in timbre between fingernail playing three strings and stick playing three strings.Ordos three strings can be divided into two kinds,one is folk three strings,the other is professional three strings.Hala Zhen,an artist,said that although the professional three strings originated from the folk three strings,they are quite different in form,performance method and performance form.1.Folk three string performance method:Folk three strings can't play the music with many changes and gorgeous skills,and the performance skills of folk three strings are mainly "play pick and roll"."Play,pick" is the most basic performance method in the three strings,but in the folk performance method,play more,pick less performance skills.Generally speaking,roll is divided into long roll and short roll.The difference lies in the time value.Long roll is used in rhythms with more than two beats,and short roll is used in rhythms with less than two beats.In short tune folk songs,the use of short roll is more,long roll is used in long tune folk songs,and the long tune "nugula" is played with the technique of leaning on sound.Folk artists only use the index finger and ring finger of their left hand when playing the three strings,and the other three fingers are not able to use,and do not change the handle very much,only playing on the fixed handle position.There are many empty strings in the folk performance method,because there are many pure octaves in Ordos folk songs,and the three strings are not changed when performing,so some sounds can only be processed in the empty strings.The folk three chords use F-key to set the chords,and the chords are La,re,La.Commonly used f,G,D,C four tones.The folk three strings take the folk song as the theme,and often show people in the form of ensemble in the banquet.In this paper,the performance skills of two folk artists Hala Zhen and serching Geril are analyzed.2.Professional three string performance method:in recent years,with the awareness of"specialization",people began to learn professional three strings,mainly students.In the college entrance examination or the middle school entrance examination,candidates will learn professional three strings for examination.Professional three strings are mainly used in performance techniques such as bounce,roll,sweep,occupy,glide,soft string,etc.In these playing techniques,the "roll playing" of the right hand can be divided into "virtual sound" and "real sound".It is an indispensable skill in every Mongolian music.It not only represents the musical sound,but also represents the artistic conception and feeling of different music."Sweeping" refers to the skill of playing three strings at the same time,which is usually based on the sixteen minute notes,and appears at the end of the music.There is also a horse's hoof sound,which is also the characteristic of the three strings.The former eight and later sixteen notes are mainly used,and the playing technique above the code is characterized by imitating the sound of the horse's hoof,which is more characteristic of the Mongolian three string playing method.The performance method of professional triad is more abundant than that of folk triad,not so single.When playing a solo,the professional will use a lot of performance skills.With the g-key(GDG),you can play solo,ensemble,accompaniment,and the commonly used BB,F,G,etc.,you can play more modes.The third chapter summarizes the development of Ordos string.It is composed of three strings in wedding banquet,the art of playing and singing of three strings,the music form of three strings,etc.Three strings in wedding banquet:in the past,the Ordos three strings showed people in the form of ensemble at the banquet,with"nairiqin" and "daguqin" as the main part,"nairiqin" means musicians,"daguqin" means singers.Due to the relationship between the altitude and other factors,most of the music in Ordos has a large jumping degree and a wide range,so there are more sopranos.Three strings and folk songs:as for the relationship between Ordos three strings and Ordos folk songs,the artists interviewed by the author will say:"three strings are more suitable for Ordos folk songs than other folk instruments,whether it's playing method or range.".Therefore,the author believes that the first eight and the last sixteen minutes of rhythm will be widely used in the performance of folk songs,which naturally forms a strong and weak rhythm,has a distinctive personality and gives full play to instrumental music.Folk songs can be divided into short tune folk songs and long tune folk songs.The folk three strings mainly play short tune folk songs with various themes,such as "Bayin Hanggai","Prince yamen","flowers and plants in August","Wuren Tangnai" and other familiar folk songs."Four major pieces":in addition to folk songs,there are also musical instruments in Ordos banquet,which are generally performed in the form of ensemble composed of Mongolian flute,Sihu,Yangqin,Sanxian and other musical instruments.These four instruments are called "four big pieces".Usually these four kinds of instruments are the main instruments,and sometimes the accordion,the cello and the electronic organ are added to make the banquet music more joyful and lively.The four main instruments will complement each other in range or timbre.For example,four kinds of musical instruments can play the main melody,and Mongolian flute can play the high part.Because it is a musical instrument,the timbre will be more loud.Sihu is divided into high,middle and low tone Sihu.In Ordos banquet,the high tone Sihu is used.Therefore,Sihu plays the high tone part,and it is a stringed instrument.Therefore,it will use a lot of leaning notes,which makes the whole ensemble more stable and effectively enhances the performance of music.The third string usually plays the bass part,a large number of use of the first eight after sixteen rhythm type,strong rhythm.Its timbre is bright,crisp and penetrating.It is an indispensable instrument in the ensemble.Dulcimer is usually used in a large number of 16 minute notes and big syncopation,which makes the rhythm stronger and the music more interesting.The art of playing and singing with three strings:there is a unique music ceremony in Ordos banquet,the art of singing and singing with three strings.It can be understood as personal "nairi" ritual music.In Ordos area,a person's three string performance is also known as "nairi".The art of playing and singing refers to the form in which individuals sing and perform themselves.This kind of music is very difficult.It is related to s's personal understanding of folk songs and instruments.Improvisational accompaniment can only be played and sung after passing the test.This form of music is related to the development of society.In the past,the artists of the older generation have a good understanding of Ordos music,and they are also very talented.Three string music form:with the development of society,music is also constantly developing.In recent years,the word "professional"appears,which is the development trend of folk music.Ordos three strings also from the ranks of professional folk music.Ordos Sanxian is a professional work mainly composed of Ordos folk songs,such as solo and ensemble.Because of the demand for national instrumental music works.At present,the types of Mongolian three strings can be divided into:Solo,ensemble and so on.Solo music can also be divided into two categories:solo with folk theme and solo created by oneself.The ensemble is composed of three strings and four Hu tunes,three string ensemble,etc.There are a lot of solos with folk theme,which are developed and created with folk tune as motive.For example,the works such as Bayin Hanggai,sendell girl and my mother,which are composed by Wu rigumula,are all composed on the tunes of Ordos folk songs.The solos composed by Hu liyaqi,such as "black satin shoulder","gugelma" and"wushangtangnai",are all formed on the melody of folk songs.His own three string solo music includes:Ordos new song,prairie morning song,unaqin,etc.The ensemble of Sanxian and Sihu include "happy Ordos" and"young horse".Ordos three strings played in the form of ensemble with folk songs as the main part in the banquet,and now performed in the form of solo,ensemble and other music on the stage.The fourth chapter introduces the inheritance and characteristics of the three strings.Ordos three strings is a musical instrument that has been handed down in the long history.Its inheritance is "oral inheritance".Mongolian three strings are very popular in Ordos area.Herdsmen like it,are interested in it and like to play it.Therefore,people from the young to the old can play it in Ordos area.Almost every house has a three string or a four Hu on the wall.The herdsmen in Ordos area are very talented in music.In the past,when adults led their children to the banquet place,they would not go anywhere.They would only watch them beside them and listen to them play or sing.As time goes by,the children also like the three strings.At first,they can't hum the music themselves,and then they grope for the feeling of finding the music.From simple folk songs to all folk songs,you can play them with feeling and improvise.Family style inheritance:because parents especially like folk music,from time to time take out to play or ensemble.In this process,the children are gradually interested in watching and listening,and then the father teaches the son or the grandfather teaches the grandson.Of course,most herdsmen do not understand the music score,so they directly use the way of "oral and psychological teaching" to carry on the inheritance.At the beginning of the professor,he started with the easy to understand and play folk songs such as "Wuren Tangnai" and "huama".In the inheritance part,the most important is family inheritanceTeacher's Professor:in recent years,the teacher's teaching has become very important,especially with the stage of music,people often participate in various competitions,various music festivals at home and abroad,which arouse people's curiosity and fighting spirit.Some people will go to some teachers with both talents because they like music,so as to improve their talents.In Ordos,people of 7-12,50-60 years old learn the most.People in the 50-60 age group don't have the chance to learn the three strings when they are young.There are also talented artists,who set up music classes outside as teachers and recruited herdsmen to study Ordos folk music.Some artists even learn the notes first and then the pastoralists know the musicInheritance of the University:with the popularization of professional three stringers,not only the university has opened professional three stringer courses,but also primary and high schools have opened professional three stringer courses.In extra-curricular spare time on such a class,first,the use of extra-curricular time,popular folk music.2?It improves students' interest and provides a good choice Multimedia inheritance:with the development of society and the coming of the Internet era,people begin to take classes on wechat by using wechat and other software.Although it is a little difficult to teach by video,such a way is novel and outstandingIn the process of development,Ordos three strings absorbed the cultural essence of Mongolian customs,music and art,and formed many excellent repertoires with distinct styles and outstanding characteristics. |
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