The Influnce Of Different Cues On Framing Effect In Judgment Of Learning

Metacognitive monitoring is an important part of metacognitive research.In recent years,it has become the focus of many researchers at home and abroad.A large number of studies have found that the accuracy of metacognitive monitoring is important for self-regulated learning.Judgment of Learning(JOL)is one of the important forms of metacognitive monitoring.Some scholars have conducted in-depth discussions on the influencing factors and accuracy in JOL.It is found that the frame affects the accuracy of JOL,that is,there is a significant difference between the two frameworks of forgetting and remembering.However,there is still no consensus among researchers on the stability of the frame effect in JOL,and some studies even believe that there is no framing effect in JOL.By combing previous studies,this study found that there were different cues in the previous research process,that is,differences in experimental materials,studying time,coding strategies,and judgment categories may be important factors causing the instability of the frame effect in JOL.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to further explore the influence of different cues on the frame effect in JOL through the manipulation of cues.In this study,four experiments were conducted from the perspectives of no additional cue,internal cue and memory cue.In experiment 1,Chinese word pairs were used as learning materials to investigate the influence of different frames in individual JOL and its accuracy without additional cues.The experiment was designed as a single factor(frame type: remembering vs.forgetting)among subjects.The results showed that there was a framing effect in JOL.Previous studies have shown that word association is a strong internal cue and has a stable influence in JOL.Experiment 2a and 2b manipulated word pair relevance to investigate the influence of internal cue on the frame effect in JOL.Experiment 2a adopted a two-factor mixed experimental design 2(frame type: remembering vs.forgetting)×3(word pair relevance: high relevance vs.medium relevance vs.low relevance).The results showed that there is no significant difference in JOL between remembering and forgetting frames,that is,the framing effect in JOL disappears.The results suggest that the internal cue of word pair relevance may be overshadowing the framing effect.On the basis of experiment 2a,experiment 2b changed the frame to within-subjects design,and further discussed whether the frame can eliminate judgmental overshadowing when presented as group variables.Experiment 2b was designed with 2(frame type: remembering vs.forgetting)×3(word pair relevance: high relevance vs.medium relevance vs.low relevance)factors.The results show that the edge of frame type is significant,which indicates that although within-subjects design cannot completely eliminate the influence of words on relevance,but it can greatly reduce the overshadowing.Previous studies have found that differences in perceptual fluency caused by memory cues,such as word pair positions,have an unstable effect on learning judgments.In experiment 3,2(frame type: remembering vs.forgetting)×2(word pair position: upright vs.inverted)was adopted in within-subjects design.The results show that there is a framing effect in JOL.This suggests that weaker memory cues have no effect on the framing effect in JOL.The main conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)Taking Chinese word pairs as learning materials and without additional cues,there is also a framing effect in JOL,and forgetting framing can improve the accuracy of JOL.(2)Strong internal cues can produce overshadowing effect on the framing effect in JOL.Changing the frame type into an in-group variable can reduce the effect of overshadowing but cannot completely eliminate it.(3)when frame type is presented as an in-group variable,the weaker memory cue has no effect on the frame effect in JOL,and the frame effect still exists in JOL.