The Study Of Haidao Ducaoyun Wanhufu In Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty was an extremely active period of ocean activities in Chinese history,manifested in the prosperity of overseas trade and the implementation of domestic sea transportation of grain,showing the ambition of Mongolian people from desert to manage the ocean after they entered the Central Plains.In the 19 th year of zhiyuan,the Yuan Dynasty tried to transport grain by sea and set up a shipping agency the following year.In the 28 th year of zhiyuan,the shipping agency changed its name to Wan Hu Fu,the capital of the sea route,and was headed by Zhu Qing and Zhang Xuan respectively.In the seventh year of Dade,after Zhu and Zhang's crime,Wanhu government was merged into one,and its subordinate organizations changed from the previous " yi" to eleven qianhusuo.By the fourth year of zhida,eleven qianhusuo had been merged into seven.In the whole process of shipping,the Wan Hu Fu carried out the functions of dispatching officials to supervise the transportation of grain,eliminating the malpractice of shipping,raising money for shuijiaoqian,and organizing sacrifices to sea gods.In the different development periods of maritime transportation,the selection and promotion of officials show different characteristics.In the period of initial prosperity and decline of maritime transport,the selection and promotion of officials was greatly influenced by personal influence,which was in charge of maritime transport.In addition,in the period of initial prosperity of maritime transport,officials and qianhu were selected from the Southerners,and most of them had participated in maritime activities before taking office,and there was also a strong kinship between officials.After Zhu and Zhang's crime,maritime transport officials were mostly selected from the eastern coastal areas of Zhejiang Province.During the period of stable operation in the mid-Yuan Dynasty,the selection of officials had a more obvious ethnic color.In this period,the planning of water transport routes,the management of shipping households,the handling of conflicts with other agencies,and the management of corruption,etc.As the carrier of grain transportation by haidao ducaoyun wanhufu,had close business relations with various government agencies in the Yuan Dynasty.As the highest authority in charge of shipping,Zhongshu Province decided on the appointment of shipping officials in Wanhu Prefecture,and at the same time stipulated the task of shipping grain in Caohu Prefecture and regulated the relationship between Wanhu Prefecture and related agencies.Jiang Zhe Province,as an important local leading authority in shipping,is responsible for making decisions on specific issues in shipping implementation,issuing shuijiaoqian for sea-going ship users and transferring shipping before shipping departure.The main task of Lufu County is to cooperate with Wanhufu to complete the annual collection of grain in the local area.Relevant military organizations at all levels,such as the Privy Council,Marshal Du Fu of Eastern Zhejiang Propaganda Department,and Defense of Sea-route Grain Transportation House,are mainly responsible for ensuring the safety of grain transportation.The transportation of grain by sea in the Yuan Dynasty is an important cause related to the national economy and people's livelihood.The transportation system with the sea transportation capital of Wanhufu as the carrier has ensured the food security in Kyoto,accelerated the development of the southeast coastal area and strengthened exchanges between the north and the south.The opening of new shipping routes,shipbuilding technology and the progress of navigation knowledge promoted the maritime operation in the Yuan Dynasty to a certain extent,but at the same time,we should also see its drawbacks:The collection of grain by sea was mainly carried out in Jiang Zhe provinces,which caused heavy labor and tax burdens on the local people.The corruption in the management of sea transportation at the end of the Yuan Dynasty made more people go to the opposite side of the government,and there was a generation of Yuan Dynasty.Inequality among ethnic groups was clearly manifested in the sea transportation,which intensified the Yuan Dynasty's already serious ethnic barriers,intensified various conflicts and eventually led to unrest.The excessive reliance on sea transportation also accelerated the demise of the Yuan regime itself after the turbulent army cut off the grain sea lanes at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.