The Study On Lead And Tin Wares In Xia,Shang And Western Zhou Dynasty

Lead and tin wares,in the Xia,Shang and Western Zhou dynasty,is an important part of early Chinese metal products,not only include pure lead and tin wares,but also include lead-tin alloy wares.However,due to the poor preservation,lack of artistic beauty,scattered and trivial data or many other reasons,few scholars have made research on it in the past.This paper takes it as the research object,on the basis of overall carding for archaeological materials,mainly adopt the means such as archaeological typology,vertical and horizontal comparison,cultural elements analysis and the dual evidence etc,have made a systematic study,the content involves Archaeological discovery,type division,utensil combination,the tomb owners’ grade,the tomb owners’ race,made technique,cultural exchanges,the sources of lead and tin,time characteristics,the main points are as follows:At the end of the Xia and the beginning of the Shang dynasty,the lead and tin wares can be divided into three categories:tools include knife and head of cane杖首,decorations include cowry and earrings,raw metal include pieces.In the later period of Shang dynasty,the lead weres can be divided into five categories:containers include tripod,gui簋,gu觚,jue爵,zun尊,you卣,zhi觯,li鬲,jia斝,yan甗,pot,Weapons include dagger-axe,spear,arrow,tools include axe,froe锛,zao凿,knife,xiao削,zhui锥,unclassifiable lead wares include bell,bow-shaped tool弓形器,bar,barraw metal only include ingot.Tripods can be divided into three types,A-shaped string,vortex,B-shaped string,C-shaped plain.Gui can be divided into three types,A-shaped oblique belly,B-shaped abdominal belly,C-shaped straight belly.Gu can be divided into two types,A-shaped bold,B-shaped fine.Jue can be divided into two types,A-shaped three feet straight,B-shaped toward external.Dagger-axe can be divided into four types,A-shaped have crown,B-shaped haven’t a crown,C-shaped have pupil,D-shaped like a musical stone.Spear can be divided into three types,A-shaped plain,B-shaped have animal face,C-shaped have crepe.In the Western Zhou dynasty,lead and tin wares can be divided into four categories,containers include tripod,gui,gu,jue,zun,you,zhi,li,jia,he盉,plate,basin,weapons include dagger-axe,spear,dun yang盾钖,tools include froe,nail,unclassifiable lead and tin wares include heng decoration衡饰,gu decoration毂饰,figurine俑,fish,silk,triangle decoration.Tripods can be divided into two types,A-shaped abdominal belly,roundbottom,B-shaped drooping belly,flat bottom.Gui can be divided into two types,A-shaped flat square,diameter is similar to height,B-shaped flat rectangle,diameter is greater than height.Jue can be divided into two types,A-shaped animal face,B-shaped string.You can be divided into three types,A-shaped like a pot,B-shaped like a flask,C-shaped like a barrel.Zhi can be divided into two types,A-shaped squat,B-shaped high thin.Qu-nei dagger-axe can be divided into two types,A-shaped haven’t Hu,B-shaped have Hu.Straight dagger-axe can be divided into two types,A-shaped haven’t perforation,B-shaped have a perforation.At the end of the Xia and the beginning of the Shang dynasty,the lead and tin wares haven’t been found combination phenomenon.But In the later period of Shang dynasty and the Western Zhou dynasty,the lead and tin wares have been found definite combination relation.In the third period of Yin ruins,gu or jue maybe have appeared.In the early stage of the forth period of Yin ruins,gu and jue combination wasn’t stable,maybe lead gu matched with bronze gu.In the later stage of the forth period of Yin ruins,gu jue,and tripod gui gu jue combination have tended to be stable.In the early and middle period of Western Zhou dynasty,tripod gui,jue zhi and gu jue zhi combination was very common.In the later period of Western Zhou dynasty,there was mainly carriage-horse decoration combination and coffin decoration combination.The lead and tin dagger-axe was very popular in the weapon combination,lasted from the third period of Yin ruins to the middle period of Western Zhou dynasty,maybe matched with bronze dagger-axe or stone dagger-axe.On the whole,the combination pattern first changed from weapons to ritual vessels,and then changed from ritual vessels to carriage-horse decoration and coffin decoration.At the end of the Xia and the beginning of the Shang dynasty,the owners of lead and tin wares tomb are all ordinary people,but their race can’t be konwn temporarily.In the later period of Shang dynasty,the owners of lead wares tomb not only include both middle and lower class nobles,but also include ordinary people,and their races belong to He何,Yin印,(?),Ning宁,Ci朿,Zhong中,Gong共,(?),(?),Tian天,Zhi址,Ju举,Xi息etc.In the Western Zhou dynasty,the owners of lead and tin wares tomb not only include higher class nobles amount to the princes and ministers,but also include both middle and lower class nobles amount to the da-fu大夫and shi士,as well as include ordinary people and soldiers,their races belong to Ge戈,Shan单,Qi,Ju举,Tan-ji-shi季氏etc Yin descendants殷遗民,Ji-Zhou姬周people Guo-shu虢叔,Jing-shu井叔and Shao-gong召公descendants,Kui-Chi-di媿姓赤狄branche Peng-shi倗氏and Ba-shi霸氏of Huai-xing-jiu-zong怀姓九宗.There were some differences in the respect of using lead and tin wares for different groups,Yin descendants preferred lead wares,while Zhou people preferred tin wares.All the tomb owners who buried lead sacrificial vessels or dagger-axe are Yin descendants,while Zhou people buried lead carriage-horse decoration and coffin decoration.In the Xia,Shang and Western Zhou dynasty,the manufacturing process of lead and tin wares include casting,forging,decoration technology include carving.In the Western Zhou dynasty,the spread of lead wares was related to the migration of the Yin descendants,while the tin wares unearthed in the Ying state cemetery was related to the southward migration of the Ying state.In the Xia,Shang and Western Zhou dynasty,the lead and tin wares could be divided into three stages of development,the end of the Xia and the beginning of the Shang dynasty was the embryonic stage,the later period of Shang dynasty was the initial stage,and the Western Zhou dynasty was the redevelopment stage.In the Xia,Shang and Western Zhou dynasty,the sources of lead and tin should be diverse,but it may mainly come from southern Shanxi province,besides western Liaoning and Nanyang areas may also be important sources,and the importation of tin materials from the south areas to the central plains occurred after the Western Zhou dynasty.