The Study On The Largess Jizhen Gave The Uriyangqa Three Commanderies In The Ming Dynasty

Jizhen,which was one of the Nine Frontiers of the Ming Dynasty,was the gateway defended the capital of Beijing.What's more,after the change of Gengxu,Jizhen has become the most important military town of the Nine Frontiers of Ming Dynasty.The Uriyangqa three Commanderies,which were active in the north of Jizhen with the Mongols as the main body,were the three Jimi Wei.In order to control and settle down the northern frontier,the Ming dynasty allowed the Uriyangqa three Commanderies to pay tributes regularly and to trade at the frontier,and offered largess fees to them.Every year,the Uriyangqa three Commanderies paid tributes from the Xifengkou of Jizhen to the Ming dynasty.Due to the special and important position of Jizhen and the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,the largess,which Jizhen gave the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,was an important part of the northern frontier defense in Ming Dynasty.During the years of Yongle and Chongzhen,the largess,which Jizhen gave the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,was increasing in general.This is closely related to the changes of the relationship between Mongolian tribes and the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,the great military pressure faced by Jizhen and the measures taken by the Ming Dynasty.With the increased largess fee paid by Jizhen,the source of it from the original pilgrims silver of Jingzhong mountain to the Shanhai pass business taxes,meadow rental,the remaining money of buying the winter goods,the rental of the laid eunuch,the revenue of the bribe-taking and criminal officers,the largess fees allocated by Ming dynasty to Jizhen,the coal taxes,interests,the sergeant's salary,the income of selling firewood,the Juyongguan pass business taxes,the money of buying wall-built material,etc.The source of Jizhen's largess fees has changed from depending on the Jizhen preparing only to the consist of Jizhen and the Ming dynasty,and to the late Ming dynasty,the largess fees mainly depended on the money which was allocated by the Ming dynasty.Jizhen to the Uriyangqa three Commanderies' s pass of giving largess fees is also an issue which needs to be studied on.The Xifengkou pass is the original and the most important pass.With the changes of the relationship between Jizhen and the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,no later than 28 years of Jiajing,the largess pass has increased.And with this trend,the specific pass has a comparatively fixed largess people.The largess,which Jizhen gave the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,went through the process that the beginning using the salt and rice,then adding domestic animal and silk,also including feastes.The largess contained gold dress,cloth,pig,cattle,sheep,wine,rice,salt,iron pan,plough share,table,mat,donkey,pancake,Buddhist scriptures,gold coin and so on.The largess also existed in some problems such as low quality in some periods.Although the issue might be resolved in a period of time,in a long time,it has not been eliminated,which is not conducive to the development of relationship between Jizhen and the Uriyangqa three Commanderies.In general,the largess made up the insufficiency of the pastoral economy of the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,enriching the economic and cultural life of the Uriyangqa three Commanderies.The reasons why the Jizhen ceased the largess were that the Uriyangqa three Commanderies invaded Jizhen and a tribe of them prevented other tribes from paying tribute to the Ming Dynasty.Meanwhile,the reasons why Jizhen has recovered the largess were that the leaders of the Uriyangqa three Commanderies or the relatives who replaced the leaders of the Uriyangqa three Commanderies offered an apology for Jizhen and dedicated the chief criminals that invaded the Jizhen and the captured Han people.With the decline of the national strength of the Ming Dynasty,the years of Jia Jing in the Ming Dynasty and later,the times of the attacks from the Uriyangqa three Commanderies were grow more and more,and the scale of these attacks also become bigger and bigger.Accordingly,the number of canceling or recovering largess had increased and the punishment to the chief criminal of the Uriyangqa three Commanderies of canceling the largess were no more stronger and more efficient than before.The largess,which Jizhen gave the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,is not only a part of the Ming Dynasty's policy towards Mongolia,but also an important part of the northern defense system in the Ming Dynasty.As the meanwhile,regarding the largess that Jizhen gave the Uriyangqa three Commanderies as a clue,we can inspect the interaction and social changes between the Jizhen and the Uriyangqa three Commanderies,and also examine the northern policy and the defense system in the Ming Dynasty through this new perspectives.