A Proofreading Study On The Characters And Words Of Zuo Zhuan And Shi Ji

Zuo Zhuan(????)and Shi Ji(????)are important ancient books in ancient China.They both narrate some same important historical facts.This paper mainly focuses on to these common historical facts to evaluate the uses of characters and words in Zuo Zhuan and Shi Ji.In these two books,they usually use same sentence pattern but different words to describe same historical facts.Because of this special writing feature,this paper aims to research the essential reasons for writing differentiation by comparing the uses of words and characters of same events in these two books.Besides,this paper totally lists 232 groups of examples,including 52 groups of different characters(11 groups of ancient and modern characters,37 groups of interchangeable characters,4 groups of variant characters),and 180 groups of different words(146 groups of synonymous terms,34 groups of grand title and surname).Below are several conclusions.In terms of characters and words,the Zuo Zhuan usually prefers to use ancient characters.Shi Ji would like to use modern characters.And modern characters are mostly made up of adding symbols or transforming symbols.With the ages of Chinese characters standardization,the number of variant characters is very small.In terms of pronunciation,27 groups of interchangeable characters could pick up the original characters and phonetic load characters,among which homophone character has two-thirds of the total.Among the 19 groups of homologous words,8 homonym homologous words were due to the extension of word meanings;the other 11 homologous words are original homophones or semantic divergence developed with phonetic differentiation.The 28 groups of changes in the ancient pronunciation could reflect the confusion of Qing Zhuo(??)in initial consonant of Chinese syllable,which also could divide by the confusion of Quan Qingyin(??)and Ci Qingyin(??),as well as Pang Zhuan(??)and Dui Zhuan(??)of vowels.In the terms of words meaning,from Zuo Zhuan to Shi Ji,a series of differentiation in the meaning of words reflect the same writing style that is Techniques of Chun Qiu(??)Writing(usually use only one word to judge the moral).Take 19 groups of homologous words and 103 groups of monosyllable synonym words as an example,41 of them have no distinct differences,16 groups of them narrow their meanings,28 of them widen their meaning,33 groups of them have crossed meanings.In the terms of the appellation,totally,22 groups of them have total 4 kinds of title expressions such as 'nation name + posthumous title + Gong(?)';'nation name + Gong';'Gong(Emperor,King,Archduke,Grand Duke)';'name'.Among of this appellation,'Nation + Grand' title has the largest number.Besides,the narrative differentiation between Shi Ji and Zuo Zhuan are mainly caused by the different narrative angles.Zuo Zhuan speaks from the perspective of the people of Lu(?).The angles of narration of Shi Ji varies according to the people of biography.Furthermore,there are 10 groups of personas pronoun,including 8 groups of the first person and 2 groups of the second person.In the conversation,direct using the second person is a sign of rude.Usually,the first person belongs to a modest manner,and the second person's words were generally spoken by the superior to the subordinate,which shows that ancient people respect others by lowing themselves and it was impolite to call the other person's name directly.