| Objective:The male-specific region of the Y chromosome is inherited from the father to son without the reshuffling effects of crossing-over.It is widely used in genetic research such as genealogy analysis,forensic evidence inspection,historical investigation and DNA database construction.The surname is a unique cultural symbol of human society,especially in China,most surnames are consistent with the paternal inheritance of the Y chromosome.Therefore,the surname-Y chromosome haplotypes relationship has practical significance and would be used to prediction surname in no-suspect criminal cases.The aim of this study was to obtain the surname Wang data of two cities in Yunnan Province using the MicroreaderTM 29 Y-STR kit and a self-designed 19 Y-SNP panel.Because different surnames and population have different frequency distributions,more data including the database and other groups reported in the literature has been analyzed to acquire reliable frequency comparison.The origin,common ancestor and their relationship with Y chromosome of surname Wang in two regions of Yunnan were preliminarily discussed.Methods:A total of 1721 samples were collected from Yunnan Province,including surname Wang in Baoshan(n=736),surname Wang in Zhaotong(n=658),and unrelated male individuals from a random population(n=327).Microread Company's MicroreaderTM 29Y direct ID system kit was used to generate Y-chromosome haplotypes for the 29 Y-STRs according to the manufacture' instructions.19 Y-SNPs were selected and tested by SNaPshot method from our previously study.Y-STR data of different males in 5 administrative provinces of China(Changzhou Han,Guangdong Han,Shanghai Han,Guizhou Miao and Sichuan Tibetan population)were collected from the YHRD database.And obtained the Y-SNP frequency of the surname Kong&surname Duan,15 provinces Han groups,Yunnan ethnic population from the literature,in order to replenish and provide data support for further analysis.The median-joining networks were constructed using Network 5.0.AMOVA and multi-dimensional scale analysis were calculated by the software of YHRD.The allele frequency of each locus was carried out using GenAlEx 6.5.Principal component analysis and heat map were made by Rv3.5.0 software.Results:Haplotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting.A total of 346 alleles were detected in total 1721 samples and 1300 Y-STR haplotypes were obtained.The Baoshan Wang surname,Zhaotong Wang surname and random population haplotype diversity(HD)values were 0.99783,0.98977 and 0.99987 respectively,the gene diversity(GD)values were 0.3403?0.9407,0.2226?0.8658 and 0.4518?0.9780 respectively.No significant difference was found among the GD values of Baoshan surname Wang,Yunnan surname Kong and Dali surname Duan.The GD values of some loci in the Zhaotong surname Wang was different from other regions and showed specificity.Based on a genetic distance matrix,the surnames groups and other population relationship were obtained and the results suggested that the Baoshan surname Wang had a close relationship with the random population(0.0257),Shanghai Han(0.0281)and Changzhou Han(0.0298).The results also revealed that Zhaotong surname Wang is the closest to the Baoshan surname Wang(0.0395)with limited gene exchange and low genetic diversity.High haplogroup diversity was found in three groups.A total of 14 different terminal haplogroups were found in the 19 Y-SNP composite detection system.Including C,D,Q,R1a1a,N haplogroups and O1a-M119,O1b1a1a-M95,O2-M122,O2a1-L127.1,O2alb-IMS-JST 002611,O2a2-P201,O2a2a1a2-M7,O2a2b1-M134,O2a2blal-M117 sub-haplogroup.Among them,haplogroups Q,Rlala and N were sporadically distributed in Baoshan surname Wang group.The haplogroup O was widely distributed among all three groups(81.00%).The frequency of sub-haplogroup O2a2b1-M134 was higher in surname Wang groups(Zhaotong:26.29%and Baoshan:27.99%)than in others.The sub-haplogroup O1a-M 119 had the highest frequency among the Zhaotong surname Wang accounted for 31.31%and the random population were dominated by O2a2b1a1-M117 haplogroup accounted for 16.82%.Based on the Y-SNP haplogroup frequencies,the principal component analysis among surname Wang,surname Kong&surname Duan,15 provinces Han population,and Yunnan ethnic population were conducted.The results showed the pedigree surname Wang in the two regions has the closest genetic distance than among the all surname groups and population.The pedigree of Zhaotong surname Wang gathered with the Southern Han population such as Hunan Han and Zhejiang Han,and the Baoshan surname Wang clustered with random people and the Northern population such as Heilongjiang Han.Moreover,surname Wang of the two places was not far from the ethnic groups of the Han and Bai in Yunnan Province.All this results suggested that the two surname Wang were mixed groups.Conclusion:Based on the results of this study,the population differences,haplogroup genetic structure and ancestry situation of surname Wang in two areas were initially grasped.We concluded that:(1)compared with the random population and residents who lived in the convenient transportation area,the genetic polymorphism of surname Wang in the unenlightened area was low,showing a single expansion.(2)the haplogroups of the surname Wang in the two regions were different,but they had some common ancestral characteristics.(3)compared with other surnames and regions population,the surname Wang' data showed limited specificity,and a large number of samples were still needed to be explored.In summary,we believe that the stability of male Y chromosome inheritance in families with the same surname was affected by many factors,such as living environment,regional transportation condition,and economic developmental level.Therefore,the construction and application of male family databases are more suitable for relatively blocked areas. |
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