| BackgroundThe period from which women's ovarian function declines to a special physiological change within 1 year after menopause is called perimenopause.After entering the perimenopausal period,women will have physiological and psychological changes,which will lead to cardiovascular disease,endocrine disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms.This stage is also a period of high incidence of hypertension,hyperlipidemia,coronary heart disease and other diseases,and it is reasonable Diet can help delay and improve the occurrence and development of perimenopausal syndrome and chronic diseases.In recent years,studies have shown that phytochemicals have antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and estrogen-like effects.They regulate human metabolism in a multi-target manner and are important for the prevention of chronic diseases(such as hypertension,hyperlipidemia,etc.)The role.However,there is little research on whether the abnormal blood lipid and blood pressure of perimenopausal women is related to the intake of phytochemicals in the diet.To this end,this study intends to take perimenopausal women as the research object,adopt case-control research methods,and use the literature to integrate the existing phytochemical database,and investigate the phytochemicals(phytosterol,tomato red)through the dietary frequency questionnaire.Hormones,anthocyanins,lutein,soy isoflavones,etc.),to explore the relationship between the intake of phytochemicals and the risk of cardiovascular disease in perimenopausal women,so as to guide the reasonable intake of phytochemistry in perimenopausal women Provide maximum health benefits.ObjectiveBy investigating the dietary intake of perimenopausal women,analyzing various nutrients and dietary intake,exploring the correlation between dietary phytochemical intake and blood lipid and blood pressure of perimenopausal women,and providing a certain diet for perimenopausal women guide.Methods1.A total of 504 perimenopausal women in the outpatient and hospitalization of Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital from 2017 to 2018 were collected,of which 247 were combined with hyperlipidemia and hypertension(case group),and 257 were without hyperlipidemia and hypertension Chronic diseases(control group).2.Refer to the"Chinese Residents'Nutrition and Health Status Survey"and"2010-2012 Chinese Residents'Nutrition and Health Status Monitoring"dietary survey models,and formulate food frequency questionnaires through pre-surveys and consulting with experts.3.Collect relevant personal data,including:(1)basic characteristics such as age,educational background,smoking,and drinking;(2)measurement of physical indicators such as height and weight;(3)measurement of blood glucose,blood pressure,and blood lipids;(4)The 24 h review method and the adjusted dietary frequency questionnaire were used for statistics.The patients reviewed the dietary intake in the past year with reference to the“Retrospective Dietary Survey Supplementary Reference Food Atlas”.For the average dietary intake,the average daily dietary nutrient and phytochemical intakes of patients were calculated according to the"Chinese Food Composition Table(2nd Edition)"and the collected phytochemical database.4.Use SPSS20.0 software for statistical analysis of the data.When the measurement data follow the normal distribution,the mean and standard deviation are used,and the comparison between the two groups is performed by an independent sample t test;when the measurement data does not follow the normal distribution,the median(lower quartile,upper quartile)is used.It shows that the comparison between the two groups uses the Wilcoxon rank sum test;the chi-square test or the corrected chi-square test is used to compare the count data rate or composition ratio;the Wilcoxon rank sum test is used to compare the rank data.Multivariate analysis divided the average daily nutrient intake from low to high quartile into four grades,using the low intake group as the parameter group,and using the unconditional logistic regression method to correct the general situation and total energy of the object,To obtain the relative risk(odd ration,OR)of different nutrient intake levels for blood pressure and blood lipids,the test level selection=0.05.Results1.Phytochemical database:According to the"Chinese Food Composition Table(2nd Edition)",the literature on the content of phytochemicals in food published in China and the corresponding food databases of USDA and EFSA,the phytochemicals(phytosterols)suitable for the calculation of this survey are compiled and established,Lycopene,anthocyanins,lutein,soy isoflavones)database,in this database we have established phytosterols(?-sitosterol,campesterol,common cereals,legumes,vegetables,nuts,fruits,oils),Stigmasterol,?-sitosterol and campesterol),anthocyanin,lutein,lycopene and soybean isoflavone content.The establishment of a good phytochemical database provides a basis for the calculation of phytochemical intake in later dietary surveys.2.Basic information:A total of 504 perimenopausal women participated in the diet survey,of which 247 were combined with hyperlipidemia and hypertension(case group),and 257 were without hyperlipidemia and hypertension Chronic diseases(control group)..The survey results showed that the average ages of the case group and the control group were 54.55±4.93 years and 53.41±4.67 years respectively,of which 23.5%and 28.0%were under 50 years of age,and 60.3%were between 51-59 years old.And 50.5%,aged?60 years accounted for 16.2%and 12.5%respectively;the educational background of the case group and the control group was generally not high,55.9%and 56.8%in primary education and below,and 31.2%and junior high school education respectively 28.8%,university education accounted for 13.0%and 14.4%,respectively;smoking and drinking were relatively rare in the study subjects,most of them did not smoke and did not drink,and the case group and control group accounted for 98.4%and 99.6%,respectively;The intake of dietary supplements was also relatively small in the study subjects.The case group and the control group accounted for 96.8%and 95.7%of the dietary supplements;the BMI of the case group and the control group was 24.76±3.26kg/m~2 and 23.56±2.92kg/m~2,BMI?24 accounted for 57.2%and 43.2%in the case group and control group,BMI between 18.5-23.9 accounted for 39.3%and 54.9%,BMI<18.5 accounted for 2.8%and 1.9 respectively%.By comparing the basic data of the research subjects,it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the case group and the control group in terms of age,educational background,smoking,drinking,and dietary supplement intake(P>0.05),while the BMI difference was statistically significant,The case group was higher than the control group(P=0.001).3.Various food intakes:The results of the study showed that the median daily vegetable intakes of the case group and the control group were 169.99g and 204.43g,respectively.The vegetable intake of the case group and the control group was lower than the recommended intake(300-500g),and the control group Higher than the case group(P<0.001);the median daily intake of soy products in the case group and the control group were 4.26g and 4.79g,respectively,both lower than the recommended intake(25-35g),the case group Lower than the control group(P=0.003);the difference in intake of fruits,meat products,dairy products,egg products,fish,shrimps,cereals,edible oils and salts among perimenopausal women Significance(P>0.05).4.Energy,nutrients and phytochemical intake4.1 Energy and macronutrient intakeThe results of the study showed that the daily dietary fiber intake of women in both groups was lower than the recommended intake(25g),and the daily average dietary fiber intake of patients in the case group(11.04±4.79g)was lower than that of the control group(12.76±5.65g),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001);while the average daily intake of energy,protein,fat,carbohydrate and cholesterol between the two groups of perimenopausal women was not statistically significant(P>0.05).4.2 Vitamins intakeThe results of the study showed that the daily intake of vitamin A in the two groups of menopausal women was lower than the recommended intake(800?g RAE),and the median daily intake of vitamin A(567.41?g RAE)in the case group was higher than that of the control group(490.59?g RAE),the difference is statistically significant(P=0.001);the daily vitamin C intake of perimenopausal women in both groups is lower than the recommended intake(100 mg),and the median daily vitamin C intake in the case group(82.37mg)was lower than that of the control group(91.23mg),the difference was statistically significant(P=0.032);and there was no difference in the daily intake of vitamin B1,vitamin B2,niacin and vitamin E between the two groups of perimenopausal women Academic significance(P>0.05).4.3 Minerals intakeThe results of the study showed that the median daily potassium intake of the patients in the case group was 1851.27 mg,which was lower than the recommended intake(2000mg),while the median daily potassium intake of the control group was 2133.82,which was higher than the recommended intake.Intake(2000mg),and the average daily potassium intake of patients in the case group was lower than that of the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P=0.010);and the calcium,phosphorus,sodium,There was no significant difference in the daily intake of magnesium,iron,zinc,selenium,copper,manganese and other elements(P>0.05).4.4 Phytochemical intakeThe results of the study showed that the median daily intake of anthocyanins in the case group(0.39 mg)was lower than that in the control group(0.93 mg),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001);the daily soy isoflavones in the case group The median intake was(6.10mg)lower than the control group(7.89mg),the difference was statistically significant(P=0.003);the median daily intake of lutein in the case group was(1085.19g),Lower than the control group(1546.69g),the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001);while the difference in the average daily intake of phytosterol and lycopene between the two groups of menopausal women was not statistically significant(P>0.05).5.Food sources and composition ratio of energy,protein,fat and carbohydrate5.1 Composition ratio of energy food sourcesThe energy foods of the two groups of perimenopausal women mainly come from grains,meat products,beans,fish and shrimps,and the proportion of energy food sources in the case group is 41.7%,26.6%,10.4%and 8.3%respectively.And 13%,the proportion of the control group was 40.3%,19.7%,12.5%,13.4%and 14.1%.There is a statistically significant difference in the composition ratio of energy sources between the case group and the control group(?~2=1.556,P=0.041).5.2 Composition ratio of protein food sourcesThe protein foods of the two groups of perimenopausal women were mainly derived from beans,grains,animal foods and others.The composition ratio of protein food sources in the case group was 20.3%,3.6%,51.8%and 24.3%,respectively.The composition of the control group The ratios were 25.7%,4.7%,40.6%and 29%,respectively.The food source composition ratio of protein was statistically significant between the case group and the control group(?~2=2.976,P=0.032).5.3 Composition ratio of fatty food sourcesThe composition ratio of fat food derived from animal food and plant food in the case group was 58.7%and 41.3%,respectively,and that in the control group was 46.3%and53.7%,respectively.The source of fat food in the case group is mainly derived from animal food,and the source of fat food in the control group is mainly derived from plant food.The difference between the composition ratio of the source of fat food in the case group and the control group is statistically significant(?~2=1.687,P=0.015).5.4 Carbohydrate food sourcesThe carbohydrate foods of the two groups of perimenopausal women mainly come from grains,potatoes,vegetables and others.The composition ratio of carbohydrate food sources in the case group was 64.4%,21.3%,8.6%and 5.7%,and the composition ratio of carbohydrate sources in the control group was 56.2%,23.5%,13.5%and 6.8%,respectively.The carbohydrate food source composition ratio was not statistically significant between the case group and the control group(?~2=2.667,P=0.681).6.Correlation between dietary nutrient intake and blood pressure or blood of perimenopausal women6.1 Correlation between macronutrient intake and perimenopausal women's blood pressure or bloodAfter adjusting the basic information factors(age,BMI,smoking,drinking,etc.)and total energy of the study population to interfere with the confounding factors of various nutrients and phytochemicals,further analysis found that energy(OR=2.81,CI0.46-17.08),protein(OR=0.67,CI 0.07-6.58),fat(OR=0.9,CI 0.24-3.29),carbohydrate(OR=0.64,CI 0.14-3.02),dietary fiber(OR=0.74,CI 0.13-4.41)And cholesterol(OR=0.9,CI 0.27-2.97)intake have no obvious correlation with perimenopausal women's blood pressure or blood lipid(P>0.05).6.2 Correlation between vitamin intake and blood pressure or blood lipid in perimenopausal womenThe results of the study showed that the fourth quartile of vitamin A(OR=3.8,CI3.53-15.8)had a significant correlation with perimenopausal women's blood pressure or blood lipid(P<0.01);while vitamin B1(OR=2.95,CI 0.7-12.5),vitamin B2(OR=1.36,CI0.29-6.52),niacin(OR=0.45,CI 0.08-2.43),vitamin C(OR=0.73,CI 0.19-2.77)and vitamin E(OR=0.6,CI 0.15-2.4)No obvious correlation(P>0.05).6.3 Correlation between mineral intake and blood pressure or lipid in perimenopausal womenThe results of the study showed that the dietary mineral intake of two groups of perimenopausal women such as calcium(OR=0.69,CI 0.20-2.34),phosphorus(OR=0.51,CI0.06-4.16),potassium(OR=0.23,CI 0.03-1.67),sodium(OR=1.46,CI 0.70-3.02),magnesium(OR=2.16,CI 0.39-12.04),zinc(OR=3.98,CI 0.45-34.9),selenium(OR=0.91,CI0.16-5.32),copper(OR=0.35,CI 0.07-1.83)and manganese(OR=1.00,CI 0.2-4.93)have no significant correlation with perimenopausal women's blood pressure or blood lipid,and the difference is not statistically significant(P>0.05).6.4 Correlation between phytochemical intake and blood pressure or blood lipid in perimenopausal womenThe results of the study showed that the fourth quartiles of phytosterols and anthocyanins were(OR=1.56,CI 3.53-15.8)and(OR=0.22,CI 0.10-0.51),which were significantly related to perimenopausal women's blood pressure or blood lipids Sex(P<0.05),the difference is statistically significant,while soybean isoflavones(OR=0.52,CI 0.24-1.12),lutein(OR=0.57,CI 0.23-1.41)and lycopene(OR=0.63,CI 0.27-1.47)had no correlation with perimenopausal women's blood pressure or blood lipid ignorance(P>0.05).ConclusionThis study obtained the following conclusions by studying the effects of phytochemical intake on blood pressure and blood lipids in perimenopausal women:1.The perimenopausal women in the case group had lower dietary intakes of vegetables and soy products than the control group,and the intake of meat products was higher than the control group.This indicates that the blood lipid and blood pressure of perimenopausal women may be The intake of foods is related.Properly increasing the intake of vegetables and reducing the intake of meat products have a certain guiding value for reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in perimenopausal women.The two groups of perimenopausal women have significant differences in energy source ratio and fat source ratio.The energy and fat in the case group are mainly derived from meat,while the energy and fat sources in the control group are mainly plant-based foods.The diet structure of perimenopausal women with abnormal blood lipids is not balanced,and a reasonable diet should be maintained.2.The difference in dietary fiber intake between the two groups of perimenopausal women was statistically significant,and the case group was lower than the control group.Dietary fiber was mainly derived from whole grains,beans,potatoes and vegetables in the diet,indicating that perimenopause The appropriate increase of the above foods for women in the period has certain significance for lowering blood pressure and blood lipids.3.The intake of phytosterols and anthocyanins is closely related to the blood lipid and blood pressure of perimenopausal women.Maintaining the intake of the above phytochemicals in the diet has obvious guiding value for reducing the blood lipid and blood pressure of perimenopausal women. |
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