| On the east and west cultural exchanges in Chinese modern histoy,in addition to the introduction of material and system,there are the communication of knowledge and theory mysteriously.The germ theory in the late Qing dynasty and early repbulic of China is an important aspect of it.Probing the inline interaction among the the theory of bacteria,the major outbreaks,and the public health system will make us have a more in-depth understanding of bacteria knowledge and institutional transformation in Chinese modern history.Before the opium war,Chinese and western medicine were communicated with each other only by a small number of jesuits.After the opium war,as the treaty port gradually established and the missionary medical missionary behavior gradually legalized,the Chinese started to open their eyes to see the world,in addition to the powerful gunboats,laws of cultural relics,and the slightly low-key micro world was noticed,the first group of Chinese people moved towards the world and written in the diary of microscope,bacteria,which showed that bacteria gradually entred into the Chinese people’s vision.From the opium war to the Sino-Japanese war,between the coastal areas of knowledge dissemination media such as newspaper,magazine and the translation,medical schools and academies knowledge organization are the main transmission carrier.The plague of Guangdong and Hong Kong in 1894 inspects the epidemic prevention methods and ideas of the people at that time.The discovery of yersinia pestis resolves the mystery of the plague.As the limited medical conditions at that time,Chinese and western doctors all can’t effectively control and cure the plague,which reflects the early theory of bacteria has not been able to completely change the reality of the medical technology.It emphasizes on the medical colleges and universities founded by the church,which make a great contribution to spread the bacteria theory for a decade in late qing dynasty.At this point,people’s understanding of knowledge of bacteriology from single to compound.To some extent,1910-1911 plague in the northeast China makes the northeast China becoming the experiment field to the international medical experts,and the discovery of the pneumonic plague bacillus of northeast China is the historical events of world significance.Besides the fear of death given by the plague to ordinary people,it lead to the spread of the latest medical knowledge.During the new culture movement,people have expand their awareness of bacteriology from the yersinia pestis and pneumonic plague bacillus to the nature of bacteria,classification,cultivation,etc.It presents the trend from the professional knowledge to Industrial production and agricultural production and daily life.In 1917-1918 serious bubonic plague broke out in north China.Even though there have the experience of the plague in the northeast China,as a lot of reasons,the work of the epdimic prevention didn’t go smoothly.The National Epidemic Prevention Bureau was builded in the 1919.It is a concentration of epidemic prevention,which marks the establishment of modern China’s first completely organizational system and operation.On the organizational structure of it,it has three departments with two rooms for sale rooms and the library.Although the National Epidemic Prevention Bureau is in poor performance in the 1919 national cholera,only maintaining the epidemic prevention work in the capital city area,it has not been able to play the role as the national epidemic prevention authorities.Since the 1920s,the National Epidemic Prevention Bureau have prevented epidemics in spring every year,with producing serum and vaccines,gradually out of the capital city area and throughout the country.In a word,from the longitudinal view,the introduction of bacteriology in late Qing dynasty and early republic of China go through the different historical period,including the late Qing dynasty,the northern warlords,and the Nanjing national government.From the horizontal view,the provincializing process of bacteriology in late Qing dynasty and early republic draw a culture landscape from the trading ports to the three northeast provinces,from the three northeast provinces to the north China,from the north China to all parts of the country.From the point of view of bacteriology knowledge for introduction of trajectory,it changes with the previous major outbreaks occurred in late Qing dynasty and early republic of China,which also has internal association with the state and the social transformation,and has experienced the "provincializing" process from knowledge introduction to system construction in Chinese modem history. |
