| Objective: To investigate the relationship between maternal blood nickel and umbilical blood nickel,and the effects of nickel on fetal growth and development.To explore the influencing factors of maternal and umbilical blood nickel.Methods:(1)Collecting participants: From October 2006 to March 2007,125 pairs of mother–infant were collected from the department of obstetrics and gynecology,No.210 Hospital of PLA.(2)Questionnaire survey: All the participants were surveyed by a health questionnaire.The contents of the questionnaire mainly include:(1)the general characteristics of the pregnant woman and her husband;(2)experience of this pregnancy and past pregnancy history;(3)family and work environment.(3)Collecting development indexes of the fetus: The development indexes of the fetus(body weight,body length,head circumference and chest circumference)were collected at birth.The sex of newborn and the Apgar score at 1 minute after birth were recorded.(4)Collecting blood samples and detecting nickel concentrations: Maternal blood samples were collected from the median vein of elbow before delivery,and cord blood samples were collected after fetus delivery and before placenta delivery.Parts of the maternal and cord blood were sent to test conventional blood indexes.Three milliliter of the maternal and cord blood were used to detect nickel concentration by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).(5)Statistical analysis: Because of the skewed distributions of nickel in maternal and cord blood,the non-parametric test methods were used to compare the maternal nickel level with the cord nickel level,as well as to analyze the correlation between the two levels.According to the referenced nickel range in the Chinese adult(9~455?g/L),all the subjects were divided into three groups.Twenty-two pairs of mother–infant whose maternal nickel concentration was below 9?g/L were defined the deficiency groups.Twenty-four pairs of mother–infant whose maternal nickel concentration was over 445?g/L were defined the excess groups.The remainder(79pairs of mother–infant)were defined the normal groups.T test,Kruskal Wallis test,chi-square test,Fisher accurate test and unconditioned Logistic analysis were used to analyze influencing factors.Results:(1)Nickel concentrations in maternal and cord blood: The nickel concentration in maternal blood was significantly higher than that in cord blood(P <0.05).There was a significant positive correlation between them(P < 0.05).(2)The influencing factors of nickel concentrations in maternal blood: the maternal education of the deficiency group was significantly lower than that of the normal group(P < 0.05);the incidences of exposure to occupational harmful factors,house decoration within 2 years and passive smoking in the excess group were significantly higher than those in the normal group(P < 0.05);the concentrations of ALT,?-GT,RBC,WBC,HDLC,GLU,AST,ALP,TG and LDLC in maternal peripheral blood of the deficiency group were significantly lower than those of the normal group(P < 0.05);the above biochemical indexes in maternal peripheral blood of the excess group were significantly higher than those of the normal group(P <0.05).(3)The influencing factors of nickel concentrations in cord blood: the concentrations of ALT,?-GT,RBC,WBC,HDLC,Glu,AST,ALP,TG and LDLC in cord blood of the deficiency group were significantly lower than those of the normal group(P < 0.05);the above biochemical indexes in cord blood of the excess group were significantly higher than those of the normal group(P < 0.05);the concentrations of TCH and Hb in cord blood of the deficiency group and the excess group were significantly lower than those of the normal group(P < 0.05).(4)The effects of nickel on maternal and fetal outcomes: the incidences of complications during pregnancy and delivery periods in the deficiency group and the excess group were significantly higher than those in the normal group(P < 0.05);the Apgar scores at 1 minute after birth of the deficiency group and the excess group were significantly lower than those of the normal group(P < 0.05);the incidences of fetal adverse outcomes in the deficiency group and the excess group were significantly higher than those in the normal group(P < 0.05).(5)Multivariate regression analysis of nickel concentration in cord blood:the house decoration within 2 years,maternal blood RBC and WBC,cord blood RBC and WBC were positively correlated with the cord blood nickel concentration(P <0.05);the history of passive smoking,maternal blood Glu,TG,LDLC,HDLC and Hb,complications during pregnancy and delivery periods,cord blood Glu,TG,LDLC,HDLC and Hb were negatively correlated with the cord blood nickel concentration(P< 0.05);the Apgar scores at 1 minute after birth,the neonatal height,weight,head circumference and chest circumference were positively correlated with the cord blood nickel concentration(P < 0.05);the fetal adverse outcomes were negatively correlated with the cord blood nickel concentration(P < 0.05).Conclusions(1)There were nickel deficiency and excess phenomena in general pregnant women;(2)Nickel levels in umbilical cord blood were influenced by nickel levels in maternal blood;(3)Nickel deficiency in the maternal blood is associated with the nutritional status of the mother;(4)The abnormal concentration of nickel in maternal blood can influence some biochemical indexes in maternal peripheral blood;(5)There is a clear correlation between nickel concentration in umbilical cord blood and some factors,such as environmental pollution,some biochemical index in maternal or cord blood,complications during pregnancy and delivery periods,neonatal physical parameters and Apgar score at 1 minute after birth.(6)Nickel levels in maternal and fetal bodies may influence fetal growth and development. |
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