| Taihang mountains of Hebei province has a long history of apple cultivation,which is one of the famous apple production areas.However,in recent years,due to fruit farmers’pursuit of economic interests,the amount of fertilizer and irrigation in orchards was increasing.Excessive water and fertilizer not only increase economic costs,but also cause environmental pollution.Therefore,scientific and reasonable management of water and fertilizer in orchards had become a key issue in local apple production.In this study,the typical Red Fuji apple in hebei was taken as the research object,the integrated experiment of dwarf and close planting apple and the the optimizing irrigation and fertilization experiment of arborized were conducted in Shunping and Yixian of Hebei province from October 2016 to October 2018.The field experiments were carried out to study the effects of the traditional and optimized water and fertilizer management models on soil water use efficiency,yield,quality and soil nutrient.To provide a theoretical basis for high yield,resource using efficiency and sustainable agricultural development in the region.The study had achieved the following main conclusions:（1）Reduced fertilization did not reduce apple yield and quality,and optimizing water and fertilizer could increase the yield,and improved the quality of apples.Under the integrated experiment of dwarf and close planting apple,the average yield of two years of FO+PAM treatment was the highest,reaching 38.16 t·hm-2,followed by FO+TEF treatment,reaching 36.77 t·hm-2.The sugar-acid ratio and Vc content were the highest with FO+PAM treatment,which were 37.10%and 19.42%higher than that with FO treatment respectively.Under the optimizing irrigation and fertilization experiment of arborized,the highest yield of FO+BOF treatment was 41.55 t·hm-2,followed by FO+PAM treatment,and the yield was 41.00 t·hm-2.But no significant difference was founded between the two treatments.In terms of fruit quality,the fruit shape index of FO+PAM and FO+BOF treatment was significantly different from that of FC and FO treatment.The sugar-acid ratio and vitamin content of FO+BOF treatment were higher than other treatments.（2）Under the two experimental conditions,optimizing the water and fertilizer treatments could improve soil water storage,reduce water consumption and improve water use efficiency.The soil water storage volume increased first and then decreased,and reached the maximum during the fruit expansion period.Under the integrated experiment of dwarf and close planting apple,the WUE of FO+PAM treatment was the highest,reaching 61.22 kg·(mm·hm-2),14.51%higher than FC,16.12%higher than FO and 2.80%higher than FO+TEF treatment.Under the optimizing irrigation and fertilization experiment of arborized,the WUE of FO+BOF and FO+PAM treatment was higher,which was49.47%and 47.27%higher than FO treatment respectively.（3）Reducing fertilization by 25%did not reduce soil nutrient content,and the optimized fertilization could increase soil nutrient.In addition,the deeper the soil,the smaller difference of soil nutrient content.Under the integrated experiment of dwarf and close planting apple,the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in 020cm soil treated with FO+PAM were 19.57%,15.26%,8.41%and 7.40%higher than those FO treatment respectively.Under the optimizing irrigation and fertilization experiment of arborized,the nutrient content of FO+BOF treatment was the highest,followed by FO+PAM treatment.While there were not significant differences in 6090cm soil.（4）Under the two experimental conditions,the content of NPK in the leaves treated with FO+TEF was highest,and the content of NPK in the leaves treated with FO+PAM,FO+BOF and FO+TEF in 2018 was higher than that in 2017.To sum up,the FO+PAM and FO+BOF teratments could improve the yield,quality,water use efficiency and soil nutrients of apple,which was an ideal model for the efficient technical management of water and fertilizer and worthy of vigorous promotion. |
