Study Of Apple Variety Development And Cultivation In Henan

Apple(Malus domestica borkh.),which has been cultivated for over 2,000 years,is one of the main fruit crops in China.China ranks number one in the world in terms of apple fruit production and apple fruit consumption.In 2016,apple planting area of China was 2,323,800hm~2,and the total production was 43,882,000 tons,which were both number one in the world.Henan province has a long history of apple production and has its own geographic and climate advantages.In 2016,apple planting area of Henan province was 156,500 hm~2,which was6.7%of the entire country,and the apple fruit yield was 4,386,000 ton,which was 10%of the entire country.Summarizing information regarding the apple cultivar patterns of Henan province is important for guiding the optimization of cultivar structures and improvement of cultivation techniques in the future.This study was performed based on literature review,door-to-door survey,telephone-survey,and experimental tests.The current situation and future trends of apple cultivars being grown in China and the world were reviewed.The distribution,history,structural diversity,market popularity,and cultivation techniques were surveyed,and the quality of apple fruits were compared among different cultivars growing in different regions.The aim of this study was to provide reference for the development of apple industry in Henan province.There are two main apple producing zones in Henan province,the Yuxi Loess Plateau zone,and the Yudong yellow river died-riverway zone.Yuxi apple totals 110,000 hm~2,which is 70%of the entire province.Yuxi is a high-quality zone and there are five main cultivars,Fuji(63.5%),Marshal(7.6%),QinGuan(14.6%),Gala(1.9%),HuaGuan(3.7%),Golden Delicious(1.4%).These five cultivars totaled 92.4%of the entire province.There are 63varieties in total on the market,among which 5 are early maturing varieties,27 are middle-to-late maturing varieties,and 31 are late maturing varieties.On the market,each variety has a relatively fixed consumer population.Apple cultivation mode of Henan province is mainly compact cultivation with standard rootstock.Dwarf rootstock is still in a nascent period.It is important to improve the production efficiency with orchard thinning and tree structure reorganization techniques.Massonina blotch,Valsa canker,and moldy core are the three main diseases affecting local apple production.Massonina blotch can be controlled by applying fungicide,moldy core incidence can be reduced by chemical control even though there is limited research regarding moldy core in the world.Effective control of Valsa canker has been achieved in Yaoyuan village,Sihe Mountain,Henan province by applying techniques including plastic mulching and applying fertilizer with high potassium content.Soil,water,and fertilizer management should be further optimized.Clean tillage is still the mainstream technique used for soil management.Fertilizers should be applied in a more scientific manner.The development of irrigation system should be emphasized for hillside orchard.Variety structure should be optimized,with the ideal ratio among early,middle,and late maturing variety being 2:3:5.The recently developed varieties with good performance,such as QinCui,HuaShuo,LuLi,RuiYang,RuiXue,LiHong,XinLiangXiang,and ZhongQiuWang,should be tested and propagated.