Study On The Growth And Development Of Digestive Organs And The Changes Of Intestinal Microbes Of Xinyang Black Layer Package

Xinyang Black Layer Package is a high-yield pink shell local characteristics layer variety which cultivated by Shanghai Poultry Breeding Company,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences and National Poultry Engineering Technology Research Center.Xinyang Black Layer Package has been widely praised since going to market,because of their unique appearance,good disease resistance and high yield characteristics.However,there are few reports on various aspects of the species.The digestive system is one of the key monitoring systems in poultry breeding management.The growth and development of digestive organs are directly related to various economic traits.In addition,the intestinal tract is also an important part of the immune system.Intestinal microbial can form an immune barrier with the intestinal mucosa,then and maintain the digestive stability and body health.Intestinal microorganisms can not only promote digestive absorption of the body,but also affect the metabolism of the body through its metabolites.So far,the research on digestive organs development and intestinal microbial of Xinyang Black Layer Package is still blank.This study focuses on observing digestive organs development,intestinal microbial variation and breed characteristic of Xinyang Black Layer Package.The study provide technical support for integrating production technology,and lay the foundation for systematic research of this species.The main research results are as follows:1 The growth and development rule of digestive organs of Xinyang Black Layer Package The body weight,weight of digestive organs,weight of immune organs and weight of abdominal fat of Xinyang black feather laying hens were measured at 26 weeks of age(0-19,21,24,28,33,47,55 and 80 weeks old).The growth curve of digestive organs was fitted with three kinds of growth models.The order of the digestive organs reaching the inflection point was intestine,muscle stomach,glandular stomach and liver,respectively.The optimal model for intestinal growth is the Bertalanffy model,and its growth inflection point is around 4 weeks old.The total length of the intestines of Xinyang Black Layer at birth,laying start age and laying peak were 37.88±5.61 cm,152.00±13.79 cm and 178.82±21.49 cm,respectively.Intestinal is fast-growing during 0-8 weeks of age,then is basically stable during 13-21 weeks of age.But it grow again before 24 weeks of age,whereafter,remain stability.The length of the digestive tract at 19~21 weeks was significantly lower than that of 24-80 weeks old(P < 0.01).Before 13 weeks of age,the intestinal index decreased with age.Then it was basically stable after 13 weeks of age.The intestinal tract was fully-developed at 13 weeks of age.The weight of intestinal was significantly associated with body weight,semi-net weight,liver weight,tubal weight,and glandular stomach(P < 0.05).The optimal model for muscular stomach is the Gompertz model.The R2 values of the three models of the glandular stomach all are not more than 0.9.The inflection point of the muscular stomach and glandular stomach is about 5 weeks old.0-9 weeks is their fast-growing period.They is fully-developed at 12 weeks.After 33 weeks of age,the muscular stomach index and glandular stomach index are stable.The muscular stomach was not significantly associated with other organs.However,the glandular stomach was significantly associated with hepatic weight,intestinal weight,jejunum length,and duodenum(P < 0.05).The liver growth was fitted well with three kinds of models.The inflection point of liver is about 14 weeks old.Liver is fast-growing during 0-12 weeks of ages,then is basically stable during 13-21 weeks of age.After 21 weeks of age,it grow again.During 0-18 weeks of age,the liver index decreased with age,then remained relatively stable during 18-45 weeks of age,and rose to 3.45% until 80 weeks of age.Liver weight was significantly associated with body weight,semi-net weight,muscle gland weight,intestinal weight,intestinal length,ovarian weight,and fallopian tube weight(P < 0.05).Based on previous research results(the weight inflection point of Xinyang Black Layer Package is 7 weeks of age)and these results.It can be known that the growth of the digestive organs of Xinyang Black Layer Package is earlier than their weight,the digestive organs are fully-developed at around 13 weeks old,and is related with the development of ovarian fallopian tubes and other reproductive organs.2 The intestinal microbial variation and breed characteristic of Xinyang Black Layer Package.The results of single-molecule sequencing of the 16 S rDNA of the community in the feces of the 1st and 3rd-year-old Xinyang Black Layer Package revealed that about 58 bacteria were detected in the samples of 1 day old chicken,and 119 OUT were obtained in them.The top 5 bacteria in abundance were Shigella sonnei Ss046(63.3%),Pseudomonas extremaustralis(15.8%),Pseudomonas veronii(12%),Clostridium disporicum(2.4%)and Enterobacter cloacae(1.5%),respectively.The function prediction of the detection of colonies by KEGG level 2 showed that 1 old day bacteria were associated with metabolic pathways such as infectious diseases,neurodegenerative diseases,transmembrane transport,amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism,environmental adaptability,and endocrine system and so on.176 bacteria were detected in samples of 3 weeks of age chickens,and a total of 1573 OUT was obtained in them.The top 5 bacteria in the abundance were Escherichia fergusonii(15%),Shigella sonnei Ss046(11.9%),Anaeroplasma abactoclasticum(5.5%),Spiroplasma apis(4.7%)and saccharolyticum(4.4%),respectively.The most relevant metabolic pathways of 3-weekold bacteria contain DNA repair and recombination,purine metabolism,amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism,and transport proteins and so on.The results of paired-stage sequencing of the V3-V4 segment of 16 s r DNA of the community in the feces of the 55 weeks old Xinyang Black Layer Package and Hy-Line Variety Brown revealed that the unique OUT of the ileum and cecum of Xinyang Black Layer Package were 707 and 1320,respectively.And those of Hy-Line Variety Brown were 646 and 669,respectively.The total of OUT in the two species is 3653 and 2064,respectively.The dominant in the ileum mainly includes Lactobacillus,Staphylococcus,Gallobacteria,Bacteroides and Staphylococcus,accounting for 91.6% of the total flora.There were 59 significant differences taxa in the ileum bacteria including 5 gate levels and 43 genera levels(P<0.05).The levels of Lactobacillus in Xinyang Black Layer Package were significantly lower(P < 0.05)than those in Hy-Line Variety Brown(73.7%/92.6%),while its 34 taxonomic units such as Microsporum,Elusimicrobia and TM7 were extremely significant(P<0.01)higher than Hy-Line Variety Brown(73.7% / 92.6%).There were significant differences among the 30 taxa of cecal bacteria at 5 gate levels and 18 genera levels(P<0.05).Among them,11 taxonomic genus such as Microphylla,Microsporum,Clostridium and Mogibacteriaceae is significant(P <0.01)lower than Hy-Line Variety Brown.The unique functional groups in the ileum and cecum of Xinyang Black Layer Package are 372 and 346,respectively.While,they are respectively 22 and 16 in Hy-Line Variety Brown.A total of functional groups of two species are 5442 and 4946,respectively.The results of KEGG’s second-level functional group comparison revealed that the differences in pathway function groups exist among both.These pathways are involved in cell motility,amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism,neurodegenerative diseases,infectious diseases,and immune system diseases.The intestinal flora of Xinyang Black Layer Package was simple and mainly consisted of proteobacteria dominated by conditioned pathogenic bacteria at the age of 1 day.Then the structure of the flora was complicated at 3 weeks of age,but it was still inferior to that during the laying period.There was no significant difference between the diversity and richness of the microflora at the age of 3 weeks and the egg-laying period,but the difference between the structure of the microflora and that of the laying hens mainly composed of firmicutes was significant.The dominant flora changed from proteobacteria to firmicutes dominated by probiotics.The difference of intestinal flora between Xinyang Black Layer Package and Hy-Line Variety Brown was significant.The diversity and richness of sea blue brown microflora were higher than that of new poplar black plumage layer,but did not reach a significant level.The intestinal microorganism consistency of new poplar black plumage laying hens was poor and there was space for breeding in the aspect of microflora consistency..The prediction of KEGG function suggested that the differences in functional flora might be related to the differences in temperament,laying rate and disease resistance of laying hens.In summary,this study describes the growth and development rule of digestive organs of Xinyang Black Layer Packages.The order of the digestive organs reaching the inflection point was intestine,muscle stomach,glandular stomach and liver,respectively.Three kinds of growth curves can well fit the digestive organ growth of Xinyang Black Layer Packages.The digestive organs are fully-developed at 13 weeks of age,and their growth and development are earlier than the body development.The intestinal flora in the 1st-day-old Xinyang Black Layer Packages was simple.The abundance of intestinal flora increased significantly at 3 weeks of age.In the same breeding environment,there is a significant difference in intestinal flora between Xinyang Black Layer Packages and HyLine Variety Brown.This difference may be related to genetic background.These basic studies provided data support for the health monitoring of the digestive system and personalized nutrition design of Xinyang Black Layer Packages.