Effects Of Different Water Conservation Measures On Growing And Development Of Winter Wheat And Soil Fertility In Dryland Of Southern Shanxi

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different water conservation measures(whole field filming and hole sowing(WFFHS),ridge filming and sowing in furrow(RFSF),Black mesh covering in summer fallow period(BMC)and water retention agent(WRA))on yield of winter wheat and the water and fertilizer use efficiency during the 2016-2017 wheat-growing period in southern Shanxi.In order to establish a set of scientific cultivation measures about water conservation,and provide a theoretical basis for high yield and high efficiency of dryland winter wheat production in southern Shanxi and even in China.The main results are as follows:Mulching and BMC promoted the growth of winter wheat,and increased the yield of wheat.Total tiller of WFFHS,RFSF and BMC in each growth period(except revival stage)were 15.12%?105.52%higher than that of CK treatment;the dry matter accumulation of WFFHS,RFSF and BMC were 16.70%-153.7%higher than that of CK treatment,and the differences were significant;the grain yield and biological yield was 39.9%,23.7%,20.6%and 35.6%,18.8%,13.24%higher than that of the CK,the spike number of wheat is 15.3%?35.5%higher than the CK;Compared with CK,the economic benefits increased 39.9%,23.7%and 20.6%,and the difference was significant.Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium uptake of wheat in different growth stages for the overall performance gradually increased from reviving to harvest period,and reached the peak in harvest period.Compared to CK treatment,The nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium accumulation above ground of WFFHS and RFSF increased 22.14%?115.09%,40.3%?137.6%and 31.5%?128.6%,and the differences were significant.Absorption and distribution of nitrogen mainly accumulated in wheat grain,Compared to the CK,nitrogen accumulated in the grain of WFFHS,RFSF and BMC increased 77.8%,19.5%and 12.4%;the distribution of phosphorus absorption mainly accumulated in grain and stem,the phosphorus accumulated in the grain increased 30.73?76.72%;absorption of potassium mainly accumulated in the stem and leaf,were 63.05%,32.84%and 21.58%higher than that of CK treatment,and the differences were significant.Apparent nitrogen loss rate of WFFHS,RFSF and BMC were 45.24%?81.06%lower than that of CK treatment;Compared with the CK apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity increased by 52.74%-312.96%and 20.63%?39.87%,the apparent phosphorus recovery rate and partial productivity were 15.63%?163.06%and 20.64%?39.87%higher than that of CK treatment,partial productivity K increased by 21.83%?39.87%,and the differences were significant.The layer of 100-200cm soil water storage of WFFHS,RFSF and BMC was 13.23%?55.53%higher than CK,compared with the CK water use efficiency increased by 15.34%?33.55%,the production efficiency increased by 20.65%?39.87%,Water leisure efficiency increased by 15.0%?21.87%,and the differences were significant.before sowing and the harvest 2m soil water storage of WRA are significantly higher than other treatments,was 4.61%and 27.13%higher than the CK significantly.Soil temperature were decreased with soil depth from the point of view on the effect of temperature;Soil temperature in 0-10cm soil layer changes greatly,wintering and reviving period 10cm soil average temperature of WFFHS and RFSF were 0.3??0.9? higher than the CK,and the harvest period were 0.5??10? higher than the CK;the 20-40cm soil temperature has large fluctuations,compared with the CK,mulching increased the soil temperature in low temperature,Reduce the temperature in high temperature with the same trend.Soil N03-N accumulation mainly in 0-60cm soil layer.Soil after harvest 2m N03-N total cumulative of WFFHS,RFSF and BMC were 66.28%,63.13%and 48.63%lower than that of CK,both were statistically significant.Compared to the CK soil total organic carbon and labile organic carbon of WFFHS and RFSF increased 8.8%?24.6%,soil light fraction organic carbon and particulate organic carbon increased 27.8%?167.0%,and the differences were significant.The acid solution of ammonium nitrogen and amino sugar nitrogen of WFFHS was 52.69%and 43.66%significantly higher than that of CK,amino sugar nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen ratio of RFSF increased 25.81%and 20.01%compared with the CK,and the difference was significant.Mulching planting can improve soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity.Compared to the CK,SMB-C,SMB-N and SMB-P of WFFHS and RFSF increased 27.83%?149.05%,21.73%?93.63%and 31.08%?70.44%,activity of urease,invertase and alkaline phosphatase respectively increased 5.05%?22.80%,109.4%?60.07%and 19.46%?26.67%,and the difference reached significant level.During the period SMB-C and SMB-P of BMC were 24.94%?108.54%and 21.16%?46.74%higher than the CK,the difference was significant.In summary,mulching and summer fallow coverd can effectively improve the coverage of water and nutrient absorption and utilization of Winter Wheat in dry land,improve soil microbial and enzyme activity,promote wheat growth,increase dry matter accumulation,increase the wheat spike number,so as to increase the wheat yield,And the effect of WFFHS and RFSF are best,they are suitable for popularization and application of water conservation measures in the arid areas,The BMC can also be used as an effective water conservation measure for the conservation and use of water during the leisure period.Water soil water storage and water leisure efficiency of WRA has increased significantly compared to the CK,it shows that the WRA has positive significance to improve the soil the structure and storage of water.