| Through field experiments, the research has studied the effect of different film mulching methods such as flat film dibble and ridge film furrow sowing on yield, dynamics of growth, use efficiency of water and fertilizer, and soil microbial biomass activity of winter wheat in southern Shanxi dry-land area. The study aims to find a suitable scientific film mulching method for this region and provide a theoretical basis for producing high yield and good quality wheat in southern Shanxi and other dry-land areas of China. The main results are as follows:The ridge film furrow sowing and flat film dibbling can apparently increase the yield of winter wheat, and the increased production effect of flat film dibbling was more obvious. Compared with the measurement-control treatment with no film mulching, spike rate of flat film dibbling was increased by 14.92%, grain’s yield increased by 22.71%, biological yield increased by 25.45% and the differences both reached significant level. Black film mulching in summer fallow period can also increase the yield of wheat, compared with the measurement-control treatment with no film mulching and farmer modes, grain’s yield and biological yield have respectively increased by 5.31%-11.70% and 3.54%-9.86%. It was found that spike number per ha and 1000-grain weight were main factors which affected the yield growth of wheat. Spike number per ha and 1000-grain weight of flat film dibble planting and ridge film furrow sowing respectively increased by 17.09%-20.99% and 0.90%-4.83% than the measurement-control treatment with no film mulching, the differences both reached significant level.From green stage to harvest, the dry matter accumulation of wheat showed an increasing trend, and reached the maximum accumulation in wheat flowering stage and harvest stage. The cumulative amount of dry matter accumulated in two treatments with film mulching were higher than that of no film mulching in each growing period and respectively increased by 22.10%-22.98% and 15.44%-39.18% during the jointing stage and flowering stage with significant differences. Besides, at jointing and flowering stage, compared with no film mulching treatment, black film mulching treatment during summer fallow period increased respectively by 20.19%-20.51% and 22.19%-38.80%, and the difference is significant.The nitrogen and potassium element absorption accumulation peak of aerial part of wheat mainly occurred in green to jointing stage, and absorption accumulation of phosphorus mainly occurred in the jointing stage to flowering stage. The flat film dibbling and ridge film furrow sowing could promote the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat. During the flowering stage, compared with the measurement-control treatment, flat film dibbling treatment of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation increased 19.72%,30.93% and 22.53% respectively, and the difference was significant. The distribution among different treatments of nitrogen and phosphorus in different organs of wheat was grain>leaf>glume>wheat axis, whereas potassium was leaf>grain>glume>wheat axis. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium total uptake amount with two film processing treatments were higher than that of no film mulching treatment, and compared with the measurement-control treatment, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium total uptake amount with flat film dibbling treatment increased by 19.42%, 25.74% and 3.36% respectively. Of all the treatments, after anthesis nitrogen and phosphorus transfer in film mulching treatment were higher than that of no film mulching treatment. Compared with the measurement-control fertilization with no film mulching, the transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus in the two plastic film mulching treatments were increased by 22.95%-18.65% and 46.52%-30.36% respectively, and the difference was significant. Compared with recommended fertilization with no film mulching, the partial productivity of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the two kinds of film processing had varying degrees of increase rate, which were 9.55%-22.55%,15.69%-29.19% and 1.06%-16.07% respectively, and overall difference reached significant level.Compared with pre-sowing of wheat with different treatments, wheat in post-harvest stage occured the accumulation of NO3-N in 0-60 cm soil layers, and the peak of NO3-N accumulation occurred in the 20-40 cm soil layer. Although the difference was not significant between different treatments, but it all shows that the film mulching treatments were lower than that of the non film mulching treatments, and the reduction range was 0.97%-5.00%.After a growth period of winter wheat, water consumption of the ridge film furrow sowing and flat film dibbling treatments were effective than other treatments, increased by 19.06%-34.56% compared with that of no film mulching treatment, and the difference was significant. Besides, the water use efficiency in two kinds of film mulching treatments was slightly lower than that of no film mulching treatment, but the difference was insignificant. These two kinds of film mulching treatments can also significantly improve the rainfall production efficiency of dryland wheat field, compared with no film mulching treatment, they increased by 22.71%-30.16% and 9.46%-16.11% respectively, and the difference was significant. Black film mulching treatment in summer fallow period was 11.70% higher than that of the farmer model, and the difference was significant. From the perspective of leisure efficiency in wheat field, two kinds of film mulching treatments had different degrees of increase than that of no film mulching, especially flat film dibbling treatment increased greatly, compared with the measurement-control treatment, it has increased 23.22% with no significant difference; compared with the farmer model, it has increased 39.22% with significant difference.The daily mean temperature and daily cumulative temperature change of different treatments at different growth stages were inconsistent. In wheat regreening stage and jointing stage, the overall performance of the daily mean temperature and daily cumulative temperature is that flat film dibbling> control fertilization>farmers mode>ridge film furrow sowing, and in flowering and harvest period is that: control fertilization>farmers mode>flat film dibbling>ridge film furrow sowing. From the perspective of temperature diurnal variation, during the whole growth period of wheat, the effect of two kinds of film mulching treatments on soil temperature in the 0-10 cm soil layer were similar, all showed warming effect at low temperature and showed cooling effect at high temperature; and the effect on soil temperature in the 10-40 cm soil layer was weaker,Flat film dibbling and ridge film furrow sowing treatments could increase the activity of soil enzyme, and compared with control fertilizer, the phosphatase activity in flowering period increased 4.32% and 2.69% respectively, and the difference was significant. Compared with the no film mulching treatments, the microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) content of the two mulching treatments was increased by 7.33%-331.22%, microbial biomass nitrogen (SMB-N) content increased by 22.15%-93.03%, microbial biomass phosphorus (SMB-P) content increased by 6.37%-118.16%, and the difference were significant.After the whole growth period of winter wheat, the content of soil available phosphorus storage of each treatment all showed a decreasing trend, and the film mulching treatments achieved a sharp decrease by 19.81%-35.75%; The change rule of soil available potassium storage is:three kinds of film mulching treatments showed a trend of increase and the increase rate is 2.33% to 9.26%; while the non- film mulching treatment showed a trend of decrease by 1.47%-1.56%.To sum up, flat film dibbling and ridge film furrow sowing treatments can effectively improve the nutrient and water uptake and accumulation capacity of dryland crop. Through reasonable regulation of cultivated soil’s biological activity, these cultivation techniques have promoted the wheat dry matter accumulation, thereby increasing the number of hectares,1000 grain weight and ear forming rate, and finally promoted the increase of wheat yield. Therefore, the flat film dibbling and ridge film furrow sowing film mulching methods are important measures for high yield and good quality of dryland wheat fields in southern Shanxi, especially to flat film dibbling treatment effect is the best.. In summary, the two kinds of film mulching methods are suitable for application in southern of Shanxi as well as China in dryland wheat. |
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