| In the past 20 years,the application amount and application rate of nitrogen fertilizers have been on the rise,causing instability in crop yields and resulting in serious problems such as soil compaction and water pollution in various degrees.Therefore,research on partially replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers has received increasing attention.This study aims to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and increase the fertilizer utilization rate by partially substituting organic fertilization for the current fertilizer-based fertilization model.It is of great practical significance to provide technical support for the reduction of the integrated fertilizer technology of tomato fertilizer in solar greenhouses in the cold regions of northeastern China.In this study,tomato planting experiments in greenhouses were conducted to investigate the nitrogen supply characteristics of partially replaced organic fertilizers to tomato soil,photosynthesis,yield and quality during fruit growth,and the effects on nitrogen use efficiency.The results of the study are as follows:?1?Under the same nitrogen application rate,different fertilization treatments had different effects on soil mineral nitrogen content.Apply alone chemical fertilizer treatment has higher content of mineral nitrogen in soil,and organic fertilizer partially replaces chemical fertilizer nitrogen.The supply of mineral nitrogen in soil is relatively flat,and even some organic fertilizer nitrogen partially replaces fertilizer nitrogen.The mineral nitrogen content in soil is higher than that of single fertilizer application..Under the same nitrogen conditions.Different levels of chicken manure,earthworm manure,pig manure,sheep manure and cow manure,The highest content of mineral nitrogen in soil are as follows,In the treatment of 40%of chicken manure organic fertilizer,the highest nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen concentrations were 414.4mg/kg and 69.4mg/kg,respectively,which was 17.1%and 19.7%higher than that of single fertilizer.In the treatment of 20%of pig manure organic fertilizer,the highest nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen concentrations were 405.9mg/kg and 128.8mg/kg,respectively,which was 15%and 122%higher than that of single fertilizer.In the treatment of 20%of earthworm manure organic fertilizer,the highest nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen concentrations were412.5mg/kg and 79.7mg/kg,respectively,which was 16.6%and 37.4%higher than that of single fertilizer.In the treatment of 20%of sheep manure organic fertilizer,the highest nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen concentrations were 308.7mg/kg and 99.5mg/kg,respectively,which was 7.6%and 71.6%higher than that of single fertilizer.In the treatment of 20%of cow manure organic fertilizer,the highest nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen concentrations were 433mg/kg and 89.8mg/kg,respectively,which was 22.4%and55%higher than that of single fertilizer.?2?Different fertilization treatments had a certain effect on the photosynthetic characteristics of tomato at Fruit period.The highest photosynthetic rate is the treatment of80%of sheep manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers.The highest transpiration rate is the treatment of 80%of sheep manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers.The highest concentration of intercellular carbon dioxide is the treatment of pig manure organic fertilizer by 100%instead of chemical fertilizer.The highest stomatal conductance is the treatment of 20%cow manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers.The highest water use efficiency is the treatment of 20%pig manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers.The highest stomatal limit value is the treatment of 40%cow manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer.The above shows that in the process of fertilization,the rational application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer can make the photosynthetic characteristics to be best.?3?Appropriate application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the yield of tomato,and at the same time can achieve the purpose of fertilizer reduction.The test of replace Chemical fertilizer with chicken manure organic fertilizer.The highest yield is the use of chicken manure organic fertilizer 40%instead of fertilizer treatment.Reached average of 3.835kg/pot,increased production by 12.5%compared to all-fertilizer treatment.The test of replace Chemical fertilizer with earthworm manure organic fertilizer.The highest yield is the use of earthworm manure organic fertilizer 100%instead of fertilizer treatment.Reached average of 4.264kg/pot,increased production by 25%compared to all-fertilizer treatment.The test of replace Chemical fertilizer with pig manure organic fertilizer.The highest yield is the use of pig manure organic fertilizer40%instead of fertilizer treatment.Reached average of 4.138kg/pot,increased production by 20.8%compared to all-fertilizer treatment.The test of replace Chemical fertilizer with sheep manure organic fertilizer.The highest yield is the use of sheep manure organic fertilizer20%instead of fertilizer treatment.Reached average of 3.970kg/pot,increased production by 15.9%compared to all-fertilizer treatment.The test of replace Chemical fertilizer with cow manure organic fertilizer.The highest yield is the use of cow manure organic fertilizer 20%instead of fertilizer treatment.Reached average of 3.760kg/pot,increased production by 9.8%compared to all-fertilizer treatment.Under the premise of ensuring no reduction in tomato production,The maximum potential of cow manure,sheep manure,pig manure,chicken manure and earthworm manure to replace chemical fertilizers were 42%,43.7%,73.2%,100%and 100%,respectively.?4?As the proportion of organic fertilizer nitrogen to replace chemical fertilizer nitrogen increases,the quality of tomatoes will also be improved.In the treatment of chicken manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,the best quality is the treatment of chicken manure organic fertilizer 100%instead of chemical fertilizer,with the lowest nitrate content of 43.9 mg/kg,organic acid content of 2.9%,and soluble solids of 4.2%,Vitamin C is 23.2 mg/100g.In the treatment of earthworm manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,the best quality is the treatment of earthworm manure organic fertilizer 100%instead of chemical fertilizer,with the lowest nitrate content of 40.4mg/kg,organic acid content of 1.8%,and soluble solids of 3.9%,Vitamin C is 25.0mg/100g.In the treatment of pig manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,the best quality is the treatment of pig manure organic fertilizer 100%instead of chemical fertilizer,with the lowest nitrate content of 56.7mg/kg,organic acid content of 3.0%,and soluble solids of 4.1%,Vitamin C is 23.2mg/100g.In the treatment of sheep manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,the best quality is the treatment of sheep manure organic fertilizer 100%instead of chemical fertilizer,with the lowest nitrate content of 54.1 mg/kg,organic acid content of3.1%,and soluble solids of 4.6%,Vitamin C is 21.7mg/100g.In the treatment of cow manure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer,the best quality is the treatment of cow manure organic fertilizer 100%instead of chemical fertilizer,with the lowest nitrate content of 42.1 mg/kg,organic acid content of 2.9%,and soluble solids of 4.9%,Vitamin C is 21.9mg/100g.In addition,as the proportion of organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers increased,the nitrate content in tomato fruits showed a downward trend?P<0.05?,and its content was lower than the national limit standard.?5?Rational application of organic fertilizer nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen can significantly improve the nitrogen utilization.Chicken manure organic fertilizer 20%alternative chemical fertilizer,earthworm manure organic fertilizer 20%substitute chemical fertilizer,pig manure organic fertilizer 40%substitute chemical fertilizer,sheep manure organic fertilizer 20%substitute chemical fertilizer and cow manure organic fertilizer 20%substitute chemical fertilizer are highest utilization rate and reach 71.7%,86.7%,82.8%,59.1%and 59.4%,respectively.Furthermore,the nitrogen agronomic efficiency that compared with the single fertilizer were exceed 75.89kg·kg-1,155.83 kg·kg-1,145.45kg·kg-1,111.24kg·kg-1,and 68.21kg·kg-1,respectively. |
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