| Panax ginseng is a ginseng genus of Araliaceae Panax,which known as "King of Herbs".Several researches have been focus because of its precious medicinal value for over 30 years.Ginseng leaves contain a variety of effective active ingredients,mainly containing saponins,flavonoids,alkaloids,volatile oils,amino acids,peptides,ginseng polysaccharides and other chemical components.Therefore,its pharmacological effects are similar to those of ginseng roots,which have the function of nourishing,strengthening the immunity of the body,regulating the metabolism of glucose,anti-oxidation,antitumor,antiviral,and improving the function of heart.In this paper,ginseng leaves were selected as raw materials to study the extraction process of ginseng leaf polysaccharide.And the effect of ginseng leaf polysaccharides on the performance of piglets and mechanism.The effect of the ratio of quality-liquid ratio,soaking time,extraction time,extraction times and alcohol concentration on the rate of ginseng leaf polysaccharides were extracted by single factor experimental design.The ratio of quality-liquid ratio,soaking time,extraction time and times were optimized by L9(34)orthogonal test.The results showed that reached the highest level when the ratio of quality-liquid ratio was 1:16,the soaking time was 1 h,the extraction time was 2 h,and the extraction times were 4 times.A total of 160 of 28-day-old three-line crossbred(Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire)weaned piglets were selected to evaluate the effects of ginseng leaf polysaccharides on production performance of piglets and mechanism.Piglets were randomly allocated into 4 treatment groups(the experimental groups I as control group,II,III,and IV were fed with varying doses of ginseng leaf polysaccharides at 0,200,400,and 600 mg/kg,respectively)with 5 replicate of each treatment and 8 piglets per replicate group.Piglets were weighed at at 0,2nd and 5th weeks to calculate average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake(ADFI).Observe the condition of pigs every day,and record the diarrhea rate of 0~2 weeks and 0-5 weeks.In the early morning of fifth weeks,2 piglets(fasting)were randomly selected for each repeat group,and 10 mL of the anterior vena cava were collected to determine the serum immunity and antioxidant activity.The results showed that:(1)0~2 weeks of test,compared with the experimental group Ⅰ(control group),the body weights of the groups II,III,and IV increased by 9.10%,10.73%,and 10.83%,respectively.The difference was extremely significant(p<0.01).The average daily weight gain was increased by 21.42%,28.72%,and 28.82%,respectively.The ratio of feed weight gain was decreased by 11.18%,18.42%,and 18.42%,respectively.The difference was extremely significant(p<0.01).Diarrhea rates in group II,III and IV were 7.55%,8.80% and 8.44% lower than those in control group(p<0.05).There was no significant difference in between group II,III and IV(p>0.05).(2)0~5 weeks of test.Compared with the experimental group Ⅰ(control group),the body weights of the groups II,III,and IV increased significantly by11.98%(p<0.05),13.43%(p<0.05),10.93%(p<0.05).The average daily feed intake increased by 11.85%,12.35%,9.78%.The difference was significant(p<0.05).The average daily weight gain was increased by 17.97%(p<0.05).,20.13%(p<0.01),16.47%(p<0.01).The ratio of feed weight gain was decreased by 5.66%(p<0.05),6.29%(p<0.05),5.66%(p<0.05).There were significant difference(p<0.05).Diarrhea rates in group II,III and IV were 4.76%,5.29% and4.93% lower than those in control group(p<0.05).The results of serum biochemical indicators showed that: Compared with the control group,the GSH-Px activity in the serum of weaned piglets was increased by 4.19%(p>0.05),6.45%(p<0.05),and 6.82%(p<0.05),respectively.The SOD activity was increased by 8.61%(p>0.05),12.07%(p<0.05),and 10.47%(p<0.05),and the MDA content was decreased by 7.32%(p<0.05)and 17.63%(p<0.05),27.62%(p<0.05),respectively.The concentrations of IL-2 was increased by 12.39%(p>0.05),40.44%(p<0.01),and 55.96%(p<0.01),IL-4 was increased by 4.21%(p<0.05),30.12%(p<0.05),and 35.06%(p<0.05).TNF-α was increased by 1.80%(p>0.05)、73.89%(p<0.01))and 76.51%(p<0.01).The data of group III and IV showed that the concentrations of IgG was increased by 35.09%(p<0.05)and 42.80%(p<0.05).IgM was increased by 52.01%(p<0.05)and 61.95%(p<0.05).IgA was increased by 34.10%(p<0.05)and 38.31%(p<0.05).In summary,the optimum water extraction of ginseng leaf polysaccharides was as follows: the ratio of quality-liquid ratio is 1:16,the soaking time is 1 h,the extraction time is 2 h,and the extraction times are 4 times.The extraction rate of ginseng leaf crude polysaccharides and the extraction rate of ginseng leaf polysaccharides were(25.04±1.32)% and(4.78±0.33)% respectively.The effects test of production performance shows that dietary supplementation with GLPS for 2 weeks or 5 weeks in weaned piglets could increase the average daily feed intake(AGFI),average daily gain of piglets(ADG),decrease the rate of diarrhea(DR)and MDA and cytokine levels were analyzed.The mechanism of ginseng leaf polysaccharides promoting growth and preventing diarrhea was mainly in improving the body’s antioxidant ability and immunity.According to the production performance and immune indexes,the optimum of extracted ginseng leaf polysaccharides was 400 mg/kg. |
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