| In recent years,it is getting serious that the“green tide”phenomenon caused by the outbreak of Enteromorpha,which results in more serious coastal economy and marine ecological environment,leading to take a lot of manpower and material resources to deal with.This study is aim to develop Enteromorpha as a new kind of aquatic feed additive by different processing technology,and expounds the following aspects.?1?The Enteromorpha,collected in Xiamen coastal waters,was classified by the morphological characteristics and analyzed with its nutrients.The results showed that the Enteromorpha linza,the Enteromorpha intestinakis and the Enteromorpha clathrata were the dominant species of Enteromorpha in the region.In the three kinds of Enteromorpha,the moisturecontents?9.55%±0.05%,8.33%±0.08%,9.17%±0.10%?,crudeprotein?23.15%±0.91%,30.45%±0.28%,26.13%±0.91%?,crude fat?0.26%±0.06%,0.38%±0.02%,0.31%±0.01%?and ash?17.10%±0.94%,14.24%±0.15%,13.51%±0.31%?were clearly tested out.The total contents of amino acids were successively 20.99%,20.23%and 19.4%.The ratios of CEAA/CTAA were respectively 35.26%,5.89%and 36.30%,while CEAA/CNEAA were54.46%,55.98%,56.99%in terms of flavor amino acids,The contents of delicious amino acids?ASP and GLU?were the highest in flavor amino acids,followed by the sweet amino acids?ALA and GLY?.The analysis of heavy metals indicated that the content of Cu was less than18mg·kg-1,in addition,the contents of toxic and harmful elements were all below the limitation by standard of GB13078-2001 for the feed.The conclusion was that the Enteromorpha,which grew in Xiamen coastal waters,was a kind of green algae with high protein,low fat and rich nutrient,and might become high quality feed ingredients.?2?This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder and fermented Enteromorpha supplementation on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and serum nonspecific immune of red tilapia in experimental ecology methods,for exploring the effects of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder as feed additives and the best dosage.Six diets adding respectively 0%?control group?,1%,2%,3%,4%and 5%Enteromorpha ultrafine powder were given to feed the fish with average body mass of?4.69±1.98?g,initial body length of?5.16±0.63?cm for 49 days.The results showed that the mass gain rate,the specific growth rate and the condition factor were increased after adding Enteromorpha ultrafine powder into diets.Compared with the control group,they were respectively increased by 15.4%,8.0%and 5.7%at 5%inclusion level,which was the best result.At 5%inclusion level,the mass gain rate,the specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio that was decreased by 10.7%were highly significant different with the control group.The T-SOD,ACP,AKP,LSZ and total protein in serum of fish were raised respectively 19.4%,48.1%,29.5%,30.3%,8.7%at 5%inclusion level,and had highly significant difference with control group.The erepsin,the gastric amylase and the gastric lipase increased separately 15.7%,33.3%,16.3%,which had significant difference with the control group.The pepsin,the intestinal amylase and the gastric lipase were respectively increased 21.3%,52.3%,28.2%,which had highly significant difference with the control group.The results also showed that the mass gain rate and specific growth rate reached the maximum by supplementation of 4%fermented Enteromorpha in diets,in which they were respectively increased by 12.95%and 11.31%,and the feed conversion ratio was decreased by 20.76%and the condition factor was increased by22.44%,and the difference was highly significant,compared with control group.With the increase of added amount of fermented Enteromorpha,the T-SOD,ACP,AKP,LSZ and total protein in serum of fish were raised by addition of 1%-4%fermented Enteromorpha in diets,but they were decreased by 5%fermented Enteromorpha addition.The pepsin and erepsin had highly significant difference with control group by 2%,3%fermented Enteromorpha addition.When fish fed with diet adding 3%fermented Enteromorpha,the gastric amylase and intestinal amylase activities reached the maximum?P<0.01?.The gastric lipase and intestinal lipase showed highly significant difference?P<0.01?with control group by 1%-4%addition.The results showed that the addition of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder and fermented Enteromorpha can improve the growth performance,serum nonspecific immunity and digestive enzyme activities.The proper dose of Enteromorpha ultra fine powder and fermented Enteromorpha in red tilapia diets are suggested to be 5%and 4%.?3?This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder and fermented Enteromorpha supplementation on growth performance,digestive enzyme activities and liver nonspecific immune of Litopenaeus vannamei in experimental ecology methods,for exploring the effects of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder as feed additives and the best dosage.Six diets adding respectively 0%?control group?,1%,2%,3%,4%and 5%Enteromorpha ultrafine powder were given to feed the shrimp with average body mass of?1.20±0.51?g,initial body length of?4.23±0.60?cm for 28 days.The results showed that the mass gain rate,the specific growth rate and the condition factor were increased after adding Enteromorpha ultrafine powder into diets.Compared with the control group,they were respectively increased by 35.0%,7.1%and 27.8%at 3%inclusion level,which was the best result.At 3%inclusion level,the mass gain rate,the specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio that was decreased by 5.4%were highly significant different with the control group.The gastric amylase,the pepsin and erepsin,the intestinal lipase reached the maximum at 3%inclusion level,which were respectively increased 29.4%,51.7%,53.3%,37.1%with the control group.The gastric amylase of 4%group and the gastric lipase of 2%group were the best,and 3%group had little difference with them.The ACP of 5%group was the best,which increased 41.4%to control group.The AKP and T-SOD respectively increased 33.5%,49.8%at3%inclusion level,which were reached the maximum.The PO at 3%inclusion level was 11.4times to control group,and had significant difference with control group.The results showed that the mass gain rate,the specific growth rate,the condition factor and the survival rate were increased after adding fermented Enteromorpha into diets.Compared with the control group,they were respectively increased by 30.1%,4.0%,18.5%and 4.2%at 3%inclusion level,which was the best result.At 3%inclusion level,the feed conversion ratio was decreased by 9.6%.The gastric amylase,the intestinal amylase,the pepsin,the gastric lipase and the intestinal lipase reached the maximum at 3%inclusion level,which were respectively increased by 44.8%,42.5%,47.4%,40.6%and 52.9%with the control group.The gastric amylase of 4%group and the erepsin of 2%group were the best,which increased by 39.1%,and had significant difference with control group.The ACP of 4%group was the best,which increased 44.1%to control group.The AKP and T-SOD respectively increased by 47.1%,44.2%at 3%inclusion level,which were reached the maximum.The PO at 3%inclusion level was 17.9 times to control group,and had significant difference with control group.The results showed that the addition of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder and fermented Enteromorpha can improve the growth performance,liver nonspecific immunity and digestive enzyme activities.Both the proper dose of Enteromorpha ultrafine powder and fermented Enteromorpha in Litopenaeus vannamei diets are suggested to be 3%.In conclusion,it is feasible to develop Enteromorpha as aquatic feed additive.But further study in the optimal concentration is needed for different aquatic animals. |
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