Pollutant Emission And Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation Of Clean Heating In Typical Northern Rural Areas In China

In recent years,there have been frequent haze weather in the northern region in winter,and studies have shown that rural residents raw coal heating is the main reason for heavy pollution.In 2017,the policy "Winter Clean Heating Planning in the Northern Region(2017-2021)" issued.This study carried out large-scale surveys and field tests in Shanxi,Shaanxi,and Heilongjiang provinces,to comprehensively understand the status and problems of clean heating in rural areas in the northern China.Based on the results of field tests and previous research,explored the emission reduction potential of different clean heating alternatives.Further evaluated the benefit-cost of alternatives under different policy implementation efforts in different areas.Provided theoretical basis and sustainable development recommendations for clean heating planning in different areas.Field survey results showed that,due to economic status,infrastructure conditions,heating habits,resource endowments and other factors,rural areas still rely on raw coal combustion for heating."Coal to Gas" and "Coal to Electricity" are the mainly chooses for clean heating,as biomass pellet and clean coal were exploring in some areas.The costs of clean heating are the main factor that hinders the implementation of the policy.The survey results showed that the operating cost of clean heating is 1-4 times as raw coal heating.Without government subsidies,only 4.81%of residents were willing to use clean energy.The emission of pollutants from raw coal heating in rural areas is much higher than other clean heating methods.The average daily PM2.5 and CO concentrations in the heating season were 322±156 ?g/m3 and 11.0±11.9 mg/m3,which were 12.88 and 1.57 times the WHO standard value,respectively.The reduction rate of PM2.5,CO,and SO2 by natural gas and electricity substitution methods are all above 90%.Using natural gas and electricity for heating can reduce indoor PM2.5 concentration by 46%.Clean coal and biomass pellet fuel have limited effects on reducing indoor air PM2.5 and CO concentration.All the clean heating alternatives can improve air quality in varying degrees,reduce indoor and outdoor PM2.5 exposure concentrations then reduce health loss.The health benefits of using clean coal and biomass pellet fuel alternatives are between 1.316-6.880 billion yuan,while the health benefits of using natural gas and electricity alternatives are between 7.890-28.018 billion yuan.Natural gas alternative has the maximum BCR,while biomass pellet fuel has the minimum BCR.Affected by less PM2.5 contribution from residential sector and larger heating energy consumption,Shanxi Province has minimum BCR(0.35-1.42),below the Shaanxi Province(1.83-4.25)and Heilongjiang Province(0.77-2.47).