| Phytoseiidae is a common natural enemy group,which can prey on a variety of small juice-sucking pests.Most species of the family have the potential of biological control,and some of them have been bred and applied in a large scale.The classification of Phytoseiidae has always been a hot topic in the world,and a lot of researches on phytoseiid mites have been carried out in China.However,due to the insufficient understand in morphological characteristics of the mites,especially their immature stage,in the early literature,there are two major problems in the phytoseiid classification,the misidentification in known fauna and the difficulty in identifying the immature stage of known species,which have affected practical application of phytoseiid mites in biological control.Therefore,exploring the characteristics with taxonomic value and comprehensively clarifying the misidentified species in a specified region,then the country,and then the world are the basis of promoting the utilization of phytoseiid resources.This paper aimed at revising phytoseiid species in the region belong to Oriental realm in China,evaluating their resource properties through systematically collecting.As a representive species,Neoseiulus californicus was selected for morphological ontogeny.The main findings are as follows:1.Morphogenesis of Neoseiulus californicus(1)The protogenetic morphology in larva: The anterior dorsal plate was smooth and weakly hardened,with 9 pairs of smooth bristles,and 5 pairs of smooth bristles without obvious plates in opithosoma.Z4 whiplike with blunt tip.There are no peritreme or stigmata shield.There is no obvious shield on the ventral surface.Tritosternum bifurcated;Coxisternal area bearing three pairs of setae.Four pairs of opisthogastric setae,JV1,JV2,JV5 and ZV2,present on membranous cuticles around anal pore.A pair of paranal setae(pa)and a single postanal seta(po)present;a pair of gland opening(gv3)present posterior to JV2.(2)Main and appended characteristics in protonymph: Dorsum with two shields;podonotal shield without discernible reticulation,with nine pairs of setae;opisthonotal shield appeared and reticulated,with five pairs of setae.All dorsal setae smooth except Z4,Z5 and J5 with sparse cilia in the stage.Stigmata and peritreme arised,located ventrolaterally between coxae III and IV and reached to z5 level.Coxisternal area bearing three pairs of setae.Integument around the anal pore weakly sclerotized as anal plate.(3)Main and appended characteristics in deutonymph: Holodorsal shield appeared with clear reticulation,with 19 pairs of setae;all dorsal setae smooth except serrated Z4,Z5 and J5.Peritremes extending to z2 level.Sternal shield and genital shield absent.Coxisternal area bearing five pairs of setae,of which st4 and st5 newly added.Seven pairs of opisthogastric setae,of them JV4,ZV1 and ZV3 newly added and on membranous integument around anal plate.Anal plate weakly sclerotized and larger than that of protonymph.(4)Diagnostic characteristics in adults: Dorsal shield entire and waisted at level of R1,moderately sclerotized and reticulated throughout,with numerous muscle marks between j3 and Z5;19 pairs of dorsal setae present,and all dorsal setae smooth except serrated Z4,Z5 and J5.Peritremes extending to base of j1.Tritosternum barbed and consisted of a stalk-like base and two flagella.Sternal shield reticulated,anterior edge convex,posterior margin straight or slightly curved,bearing three pairs of simple setae(st1,st2 and st3).Forth pair of sternal setae(st4)on meta-sternal shields.Genital shield reticulated,posteriorly truncate,bearing one pair of simple setae(st5).Two pairs of metapodal shields present.Ventrianal shield pentagonal-shaped,reticulated.The changes of morphological characteristics,such as dorsal plate(s),in the ontogenetic development of the mite provide the basis for its identification.2.Phytoseiidae determined from the region of Oriental realm in ChinaThe collecting of this study covered 17 provinces(Autonomous Region and Municipality)which belong to Oriental realm in China.A total of 13 genera and 63 species of Phytoseiidae were collected and identified.(1)Approved genera and their known species number:Okiseius Ehara,1967,1 speciesAmblyseius Berlese,1914,16 speciesParaamblyseius Muma,1962,1 speciesScapulaseius Karg and Oomen-Kalsbeek,1987,6 speciesAristadromips Chant and Mc Murtry,2005,1 speciesParaphytoseius Swirski and Shechter,1961,2 speciesAmblyseiulella Muma,1961,2 speciesTyphlodromips De Leon,1965,5 speciesNeoseiuius Hughes,1948,5 speciesEuseius Wainstein,1962,8 speciesTyphlodromus Scheuten,1857,10 speciesChanteius Wainstein,1962,1 speciesPhytoseius Ribaga,1904,5 species(2)Five species with firstly recorded males: Euseius nicholsi and Amblyseius herbicide are dominant species,widely distributed in Oriental China.Males of 5 species,Amblyseiulella omei(Wu et Li,1984),Neoseiulus clinopodii(Ke et Xin,1982),Neoseiuius dishaformis(Wu et Ou,2009),Typhlodromus(Anthoseius)macroides Zhu,1985 and Euseius longiverticalis(Liang et Ke,1983),were firstly described.(3)Distribution and habitat records increased: Geographical distribution and/or habitat records of 13 genera and 63 species were expended: Both the distribution and the habitat records were added for all 13 species of four genera,Aristadromips,Paraphytoseius,Amblyseiulella and Euseius.One species of the genus Typhlodromus increased distribution records;Eleven of the known species in five genera,Amblyseius,Scapulaseius,Typhlodromips,Neoseiuius and Phytoseius,and all three in three genera,Paraamblyseius,Okiseius and Chanteius,increased in habitue records.3.Resource nature and characteristics of PhytoseiidaeAccording to the types of food and habits,the resource characteristics of the 63 phytoseiid species were grouped into four types.Type I(specific predatory mite)contains one species only,Typhlodromus(Anthoseius)bambusae Ehara,1964.type II(leaf mite selective predator)has six species and of which the representive is Neoseiulus pseudolongispinosus(Xin,Liang et Ke,1981).Type III(polyphagous predator)consists of 32 species,of which representive is Amblyseius herbicolus(Chant,1959);type IV(pollen-eating predator)has 8 species and the representive is Euseius nicholsi(Ehara et Lee,1971).The application potential of the four types and the morphological characteristics related to habits were discussed.Seven species in 5 genera were proposed as dominant with higher application attention.4.Photo-illustrated key to PhytoseiidaeA graphic key to the 63 species of 13 genera in 3 subfamilies of Phytoseiidae was compiled with morphological photos.It is a retrofitted binomial key by combining description with characteristic photo,which is convenient and practical for not only specialized readers but also unskilled people to identify phytoseiid mites.In general,the study conformed phytoseiid species resource with expending of their distribution and habitat in the region belong to Oriental realm in China based on comprehensive collection and taxonomic checking,which would provide new references for phytoseiid taxonomy with reinspecting species.The results of investigation on the ontogeny of Neoseiulus californicus would be helpful in discovering valuable characteristics for classfication of the family and field identification of immature stages of the mite.The evaluating the resource types and their natures proposed with evaluating view could provide basic information for selecting the phytoseiid species applicable in pest biocontrol.The innovative taxonomic key could make the identification of phytoseiid mites in an easier way and to be used more widely... |
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