Analysis Of Urbanization Effect And Temporal-Spatial Differences Of Nuthatch(Sitta Europaea)Songs

With the advancement of urbanization,birds,as the most sensitive part of nature to environmental quality,have the fastest response and adaptation to urbanization.From 2017 to 2019,collected Nuthatch(Sitta europaea)in different seasons(breeding season,the overwintering)songs from six study areas(Sun Island Scenic Spot,Urban Forestry Base,Forest and Botanical Garden,Bungalow Park,Maoer Mountain Experimental Forest Farm,Liang River Nature Reserve),characteristic parameters of song language spectrum were analyzed by using sound analysis software,discussed vocal spectrum of Nuthatch Homogenization Effect,Founder Effect,Lombard Effect of in urban background and temporal-spatial differences.The results show:(1)In different seasons,Nuthatch vocal vocabulary is dominated by single-syllable bass elements(lncluding monosyllabic monophony,monosyllabic diphonemes,monosyllabic triphonemes,monosyllabic tetraphonemes);The duration of monosyllabic in the breeding period is shorter than that in the overwintering,and the duration of the single phoneme in both seasons is proportional to the number of phonemes;Frequency maximumis higher,the breeding period Frequency maximum is greater than t overwintering,the span is greater than the wintering period,the span is greater than the wintering period,and the breeding period is in a non-linear proportional relationship with the phoneme number;the overwintering period is not obvious;Frequency minimum is lower,the breeding period is greater than the overwintering period,the span is consistent,and there is non-linear relationship with the phoneme number;Main Peak Frequency is higher,the breeding period is equal to the wintering period,and the breeding period span is higher than overwintering period.(2)In different research areas,Nuthatch sounds are mainly single-syllable bass elements,but the number of phonemes focused on is different;The duration of a single syllable is proportional to the number of phonemes;Frequency maximum,Frequency minimum,and Main Peak Frequency are not in a linear relationship with the number of phonemes.Only the Bungalow Park and Liang River Nature Reserve are inversely proportional to the phoneme number.(3)About the spectrogram of Homogenization Effect:the changes of overwintering period and breeding period were inconsistent,under the background of different urbanization gradients in the overwintering period,Nuthatch monosyllabic monophony(Frequency maximum,Main Peak Frequency,duration),monosyllabic diphonemes(Frequency minimum),and monosyllabic triphonemes(Frequency minimum,duration)do not exist urbanization differences;under different urbanization gradient backgrounds during the breeding period,there is no urbanization difference between Nuthatch monosyllabic triphones(frequency maximum,Frequency minimum,duration)and monosyllabic tetraphonemes(Main Peak Frequency only).(4)About the spectrogram of Founder Effect:during the overwintering,there are sixteen common syllable-group types and eighteen common phonemes types of Nuthatch 's song sonogram,the number of song patterns varied from 2 to 5 in each study area,and there was no correlation with the patch area in the study area.(5)About the spectrogram of Lombard Effect:Nuthatch response to ambient noise varies from place to place,only the amplitude of Nuthatch sound in the urban forestry base and bungalow park area is linearly regressed with environmental noise(P=0.000,P=0.023);the spectrogram of Nuthatch(frequency maximum,Frequency minimum,Main Peak Frequency,duration)the upper limit value,the lower limit value and the threshold range show a certain correlation with the comprehensive index of urbanization.The threshold range of Frequency maximum shows a significant positive correlation(P=0.001),while the upper limit value and the threshold range of time length show a significant negative correlation(P=0.000,P=0.000).Nuthatch spectrum characteristics and area of study area showed no correlation.(6)About the spectrogram in different seasons:In the spectrum of Nuthatch songs distributed in the same domain,frequency maximum,Frequency minimum,Main Peak Frequency,duration of monosyllabic phonemes,monosyllabic phonemes,monosyllabic trisyllabic phonemes and monosyllabic tetraphonemes,only the duration of monosyllabic phonemes had seasonal differences(P=0.035);in the spectrum of Nuthatch song of exotic distribution,monosyllabic trisyllabic song only showed seasonal differences in frequency and duration(P=0.0030,P=0.0011).(7)About the spectrogram in different area:spectrogram of Nuthatch during the breeding period,there are spatial differences between monosyllabic trisyllabic phonemes(duration,Frequency maximum,P=0.000,P=0.003)and monosyllabic tetrasyllabic phonemes(frequency maximum,Frequency minimum,duration,P=0.017,P=0.001,P=0.000);spectrogram of Nuthatch during the overwintering,monosyllabic monophony,monosyllabic diphonemes,monosyllabic triphonemes,of Frequency maximum,Frequency minimum,Main Peak Frequency,duration,only monosyllabic diphonemes spatial differences in Frequency minimum(P=0.007).Further analysis reveals that under different urbanization gradient backgrounds,the sounds of Nuthatch in wintering period and breeding period all exhibit homogenization effect;Nuthatch sounds did not show the founder effect in wintering period;Nuthatch for urban environmental noise show lombard efect,Frequency maximum correlation is distributed to broaden,chirping length shorten;The temporal and spatial differences of different spectral features are different.In this paper,we study the Nuthatch songs effect of urbanization only involves the quantitative urbanization gradient,no Nuthatch factors such as gender and age,it still need further study.