| Ordos is particularly rich in mineral resources due to its unique environment and its special geological history.Ordos is an important pillar of coal industry in China.The mining of open-pit coal mines has caused rapid development of the local economy,and also caused a series of regional ecological and environmental problems.Large-scale open-pit coal mining has not only changed the landscape pattern of the Ordos region,but also has a significant impact on the structure and function of local ecosystem.Therefore,it is important to explore the change of local landscape patterns caused by large-scale open mining,clarify the relationship between vegetation diversity at specific area and the surrounding landscape patterns at different spatiotemporal scales,and determine how the landscape history effect vegetation diversity in open mining region.In this study,we explored relationships between biodiversity(three levels of diversity:functional diversity,taxonomic diversity,and functional group diversity)and landscape pattern during different years(2000,2005,2009,2012,and 2016)at the coal mine concentrated area of Ordos,the area that has been exploited for more than 40 years and that has produced obvious fragmentation effects on the landscape in Ordos.The land use/cover was interpreted by using ENVI 5.0,eCognition developer 8.0,ArcGIS 9.3,landscape indices involving habitat integral index of connectivity(?C),and the habitat probability of connectivity(PC)were measured using Fragstats 3.4 and conefor 2.6.The results showed that:(1)Eight soil heavy metals did not exceed the standard.(2)In the past 16 years,the woodland and grassland area have shown a downward trend,while the industrial and mining area have gradually increased.From 2000 to 2016,the area of grassland has decreased from 149074.45 hm2to 136198.34 hm2,while the area of industrial region increased from 1055.11 hm2 to 8548 hm2,the area of mining land increased sharply from 1759.78 hm2 to 16875.31 hm2.(3)Grassland is the dominant type of land use in this study site,but the area of grassland has been decreasing year by year,and losing its dominance.The human activity increased the landscape diversity by continuously introducing new patches into landscape.In terms of space configuration,the high intensity of mining brought more discrete and fragmented landscape,and also caused habitat connectivity reduction,which lead to more complex and diverse landscape patterns.(4)The effect of landscape pattern on plant diversity in large scale(2,3 km)is more obvious than that in small scale(1 km).The influence of early landscape pattern on plant diversity is more significant than that in recent years,reflecting the certain time lag of influence of landscape pattern on plant diversity,that is,in some extent,landscape history determines the current distribution pattern of plant diversity.(5)The influence of landscape pattern on the abundance of functional groups is mainly reflected in the early one to two annual herbs and the recent shrubs and semi-shrubs;there is not much significant correlation with functional diversity. |
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