Taxonomy And Molecular Phylogeny Of Gymnopilus In China

Gymnopilus is a large genus with more than 300 species widely distributed worldwide,and most of which were reported poisonous which are known in Europe as psychedelic mushrooms.Although there is no worldwide monograph on the genus Gymnopilus,there is no lack of regional monographs,but in China the reports mainly exist in flora fungorum.For the molecular phylogenetic study of the genus Gymnopilus,there is a lack of Chinese materials.The study for the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of Gymnopilus in China,are aimed at supplementing the description of some species of the genus Gymnopilus,confirming its distribution in China,adding Chinese materials to construct phylogenetic trees to explore its interspecific relationships and kinship between similar genus.Toltal of 22 taxa of Gymnopilus including 1 new species and 5 newly recorded species,were indentified after the study collection of 103 specimens which include the field and specimens from domestic herbaria.1 new species: Gymnopilus minisporus T.Bau & M.T.Liu.5 newly recorded species: G.picreus(Pers.)P.Karst.,G.decipiens(Sacc.)P.D.Orton,G.hybridus(Gillet)Maire,G.suberis(Maire)Singer,G.lepidotus Hesler.The macroscopic characteristics and growth environment of the specimens were recorded in detail.The morphological descriptions and line drawing of Gymnopilus were carried out according to the results of optical microscopy.SEM(scanning electron microscope)observations are also provided.The morphological features were described in detail and the differences between each species and similar species were discussed,keys to species are also provided.The 57 sequences of Gymnopilus,Hymenogaster,Alnicola,Hebeloma,Pholiota and Galerina,Cortinarius were selected as outgroups based on ITS sequence by Bayesian method.The ITS sequence data provided sufficient resolution to consider the genus monophyletic,the genus Galerina are closely related.The phylogenetic trees of the Gymnopilus species shows six clades in which the position of the taxa agrees with Guzmán-Dávalos,traditional infrageneric classification of Gymnopilus is not supported by ribosomal DNA sequence data.The phylogenetic analysis combined with the morphological observations support G.minisporus to be independent of any taxa of Gymnopilus,therefore representing a new taxon,and 5 newly recorded species from China and NCBI sequences grouped in a monophyletic branch,confirmed the morphology study results.