Who Is Science For?

When public scientists provide their own services for public utilities,their actions receive multiple behaviors due to the multiple nature of their identity and appeals,and ultimately form the appearance of "double loyalty":on the one hand,public scientists serve them.Used by the object,loyal to the government or social institutions,to provide assistance and solutions to a large number of problems in the government and society,mainly in scientific issues in policy;on the other hand,public scientists as a scientific and scientific community in public service or politics The spokesperson in the field is also responsible for participating in the science policy to seek benefits for the development of science and science education.From the Civil War period to the Cold War period,the role of American public scientists has been changing.The scientific world has entered the era of big science from the era of small science.Scientists alone have been unable to independently support a scientific result as in the 19th century.Scientists in the era of science have begun to devote themselves to large-scale scientific projects with large investment,multidisciplinary,expensive and complex experimental equipment and large research goals.Scientists rely on the support and funding of various organizations for scientific research.The dual purpose of the scientists began to stand out at this time.This study provides a concrete and micro perspective for the different forms of interaction between American public scientists and the US government at different stages by examining the most transforming roles of public scientists in the history ofAmerican science and technology,in the personal activities of public scientists.Reveal the "double loyalty" problem they have.The study is roughly divided into stages:1.Early Public Science and the Science Advisory Committee period of the Great Depression(1863-1935),2.Public services of scientists during the Second World War(1937-1945),3.Post-war science The development of the advisory group(1950-1953),4,the investigation of the Oppenheimer case,5,the establishment of the American scientific advisory system during the Eisenhower period(1957.10-1958.8)...