| Amur Tiger and Leopard are key flagship species in the northeastern Asia and at the top of the food chain in this region.They are also the two big cats which are the most endangered in the world.Habitat provides the living environment for the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard to complete their life activities.The study of habitat suitability is the basis for the protection of wild Amur Tiger and Amur Leopard.Based on the basic ecological needs of the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard,the habitat suitability of the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard in the study area was analyzed from three aspects,habitat preference,diffusion resistance and cost distance.At home range scale,the MCD12Q1 data,MODIS/Aqua Snow Cover Monthly L3 Global data,DEM data and meteorological data were being used to extract 17 habitat factors from vegetation,topography,climate and human factors,and the effects of habitat single factor on habitat selection of the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard were analyzed.Using the Vanderloeg-Scavia index,the preference of wild Amur Tiger and Leopard for habitat factors was analyzed.It was concluded that wild Amur Tiger and Leopard preferred to choose home range with high coverage of broad-leaved forests,low coverage of agricultural lands and towns,and avoided the home range with shrubs,grasslands,and main roads.By comparing the preference and utilization of the habitat factors of wild Amur tigers in 2001-2006 and 2012-2017,the habitat selection of wild Amur tigers changed with time and space.Based on the single factor analysis of habitat,the Resource Selection Function was used to analyze the habitat selection probability of the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard in the study area.The wild high probability area of wild Amur Tiger habitat selection was Primorskiy Kray(Russia)-Hunchun and eastern areas of Wangqing.The high probability area of wild Amur Leopard habitat selection was southeast of Daxing'anling,Dongning,eastern Wangqing,Hunchun and the northern areas of Vladivostok(Russia).The probability of habitat selection in the Wangqing,Dunhua and Xiaoxing'anling and northern Primorsky Krai which is close to the east bank of the Amur River(Russia)of the wild Amur tigers had increased.In addition to the southern Daxing'anling and the Vladivostok region,the other high probability area of wild Amur Leopard habitat selection is connected to each other.By comparing the relative importance of habitat factors,based on the analysis of habitat factors,the the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard diffusion resistance judgment matrix was constructed.The analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the resistance weight of the habitat factors to the spread of the wild northeast tiger leopard,and the distribution of the diffusion resistance of the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard was obtained.The low diffusion resistance zone of the wild Amur Tiger was located in the Russian Sikhote Alin,the eastern Wandashan,Xiaoxing'anling,Zhangguangcai Mountain,Jilin and eastern Liaoning Province.The diffusion resistance of wild Amur Tigers in China showed a downward trend,and the areas of Wandashan,Xiaoxing'anling and Daxing'anling decreased significantly.The low diffusion resistance zone of the wild Amur leopard are mainly distributed in the northern Zhangguangcai Mountain,the southern Xiaoxing'anling and the eastern Jilin Province.Based on the results of cost distance method and diffusion resistance analysis,the habitat connectivity of wild Amur Tiger and Leopard which are mainly distributed in Heilongjiang and eastern Jilin Province was analyzed.The high probability area of habitat selection and the existing continuous habitat of wild Amur Tiger and Leopard were used as the"source"to identify the suitable habitat of wild Amur Tiger and Leopard in China,to determine the priority reserves and protection focus of the wild Amur Tiger and Leopard,and to divide the functional area of the Amur Tiger and Leopard National Park.There are five priority reserves in China,Hunchun-Wangqing-Dongning Zone,Hulin-Baoqing-Raohe Zone(Eastern Wandashan),Linkou-Hailin-Shangzhi Zone,Dunhua-Huadian-Fusong-Antu District and Yichun-Hegang-Jiayin-Luobei Zone(southern Xiaoxing'anling).They are all historical distribution centers or main distribution areas of wild Amur Tiger and Leopards in China.Among them,Hunchun-Wangqing-Dongning Zone is a recent protection focus area.Linkou-Hailin-Shangzhi Zone,Dunhua-Huadian-Fusong-Antu Zone and Wandashan East Area are the recent protection sub-key areas,and the southern Xiaoxing'anling Zone is a medium-term protection focus area.Amur tiger and leopard National Park is located in Hunchun-Wangqing-Dongning Zone.Its core areas are located in the northeast of Hunchun City and southeast of Dongning City,with an area of about 2989km~2.The buffer zone is built around the core area,with an area of about 5,390 km~2,and there is an ecological corridor in Hunchun-Wangqing.The experimental area is mainly located in the southwest of Dongning City,the junction of Wangqing City and Muling City and Hunchun City,with an area of about7105km~2. |
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