Research On The Institutional Reform Of Lingde Academy In Late Qing Dynasty

In the Latter Qing Dynasty, the reformation of Changing Academy into School, which means enforcing school system by imitating the western countries, made the Chinese traditional Academy lost system foundation. But Changing Academy into School was not the only solution to reform Academy. Before 1901,the Academy was always reforming through various ways. Considering the difficult and complicated process of the Academic Reform, This article selected Lingde Academy to do a case study, through discussing the cause, the process and the results of Lingde Academy's previous reforms, revealed the vivid historical context of the Academic Reform in the Latter Qing Dynasty, and discovered the Academy's role and significance in the process of modern educational reform.After 1860s, because of the critical situation caused by the conflict of Chinese and Western and the bankruptcy of traditional ethical values, a batch of academic officials began to criticize the Academy which had already been full of all kinds of evils, and imitated Gujing academy and Xuehai academy created by Ruan Yuan to establish new academy or reform ancient academy. During that period, in view of the decadence of education in Shanxi Province, in 1882 Chang Chih-tung created Lingde Academy in Taiyuan. Lingde Academy didn't impart the knowledge for Imperial Examination, but engaged some famous Confucian scholars as teachers, advocated cultivating talents those could proficient and practice Confucian classics.This model represented by Lingde Academy was the mainstream of Academic Reform until Jiawu War. That also reflected the value orientation of Academic Reform before Sino-Japanese War was "proficient and practice Confucian classics".After Sino-Japanese (1896-1898)Academic Reform Reached its climax. Compared with Academic Reform before the war, Reformers turned to government from scholars; Reform goal turned to cultivating new talents from the traditional talents; Academic courses turned to both Chinese learning and Western learning from Han learning and Song learning.During the period, Hu Pinzhi and Tu Renshou put forward the scheme to transform Academic regulations and append Western western learning.In 1896 Hu Pinzhi and Tu Renshou made Lingde Academy as a pilot to conduct advance reform.1898,on the basis of the command that Changing Academy into School, Hu Pinzhi and Tu Renshou Changed Lingde Academy into Shanxi Capital School.But after empress dowager Cixi demanded to restore traditional system of academy,Lingde Academy returned soon.In the late 19th century to the early 20th century,the Qing government issued command once again,Changing Academy into School.In 1901,Cen Chunxuan began to combine Lingde Academy and Jinyang Academy to create shanxi Grand School. the process of Reformation exposed many questions:the original funds of academy couldn't meet the needs to establish school;the teachers and students couldn't transform To teachers and students in School.in the year 1904,according to the new eductional systme, Baoxi carried out a thorough Reformation to shanxi Grand School.