A Study On Zhang Shi’s Ghost And Spirit Thoughts

Zhang Shi(1133-1180),the famous thinker and educator of the Southern Song Dynasty.As a grand scholar master,be named “Three Oracles in Southeast”with Zhu Xi and Lv Zuqian.As a master of Huxiang School,Zhang Shi based on his works,The Explanation of The Analects,Mencius’ s words,Xi Yan lu,Nan Xuan Yi words,established his own Neo-Confucianism system.This paper has briefly illustrate Zhang’s life and his academic activities,and also gives an explanation of Zhang’s Neo-Confucianism system about Ontology,Destiny View,Human Nature,which is an important basis to explain Zhang Shi’s Ghost and Spirits thoughtss.In this paper,from the “nature of Ghost and Spirit”and the “sacrifice of Ghost and Spirit”double perspective to explain Zhang Shi’s Ghost and Spirit thoughts.Zhang Shi’s Ghost and Spirit thoughts has two meanings: firstly,using Ghost and Spirit to illustrate nature,the thoughts of Ghost and Spirit is a kind of philosophy speculation to the universe noumenon.Ghost and Spirit is the direct expression of the universe nature,and also is the nature expression complement;secondly,on the sacrifice of Ghost and Spirit,the thoughts of Ghost and Spirit based on the concrete practice of sacrifice rites.In this position,Zhang Shi has denied the happening of supernatural about Ghost.Zhang holds the view that the sacrifice of Ghost and Spirit is the unreal Ghost and Spirit,the died and alive turn into ghost must adapt to the view.The time of sacrifice,must obey the rites and sincerity within heart,could touch the Ghost to enjoy the sacrifice.In this paper,Zhang Shi’s and Zhu Xi’s Ghost and Spirit thoughts were compared.The common of the two thoughts is : they are both using Ghost and Spirit to illustrate nature,using unreal Ghost and Spirit to explain the sacrifice of Ghost and Spirit,they are both stress the sacrifice rites,emphasize the sincerity within heart when the activities of sacrifice,their attitude towards the Ghost and Spirit tend to be consistent gradually.The difference about the thoughts of Ghost and Spirit between them is : Zhu Xi believe in the happening of supernatural about ghost,but Zhang Shi has denied.Guided with this Ghost and Spirit thoughts,Zhang Shi agree with the activities of sacrifice the country,the mountain,the river,the ancient oracles,and pray to less flood and drought.Against the illicit worship in the folks,the supernatural and Fengshui activities.Zhang Shi’s Ghost and Spirit thoughts could reflect the two characteristics of Confucian humanism and religion.