Association Between Proportion Of Energy From Dietary Fat And Weight,Waist And Blood Pressure

Background:There is an upward tendency in incidence of chronic diseases such as obesity,hypertension and diabetes among Chinese residents recently.High-fat diet was proved to be one of the risk factors of many choric diseases,but studies of relation between chronic diseases such as obesity and proportion of energy from dietary fat were limited,while their conclusions were controversial.Objective:1.To evaluate the difference as well as the trend of food consumption and nutrient intake between investigations.2.To analyze the association between the proportion of energy from dietary fat as well as fatty acids and health indicators,i.e.weight,waist,blood pressure and blood parameters,which provides evidence for the physical influence of dietary fat and reference for establishing reasonable recommended range of the proportion of energy from dietary fat.Methods:Data came from the project "The association study on dietary fat intake with obesity related chronic disease on energy balance status" supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.Observational cohort was built in three monitoring points in Zhejiang Province,with the investigations held in Dec.2014,Nov.2015 and Jun.2016 respectively.For each time of investigation,3-d 24-h dietary recall method and 3-d household condiments weighing method were used to collect dietary information while questionnaire survey was conducted to collect physical activity status.Height,weight,waist and blood pressure of each participant were measured by physical examination during each investigation.Serum samples were collected in the first investigation to obtain blood parameters,i.e.HDL,LDL,Glucose,TG,TC,NEFA,Adiponectin,Leptin,Ghrelin,Obestatin and Insulin,through laboratory test.ANOVA for repeated measurement was used to evaluate the difference and trend of food consumptions and nutrient intakes between three times of investigations with sampling size of 362,while correlation analysis and multilevel models were used to analyze the association between dietary fat and parameters mentioned above with sampling size of 428.P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:1.Sampling size of analysis for the difference and trend of food consumptions and nutrient intakes between investigations was 362(150 men and 212 women)with the average age of 46.7 years.Consumption of tubers,vegetables,mushrooms,eggs and cooking oil was at the same level in the first two investigations(winter),while it of the third investigation(summer)had increased.During the three investigations,consumption of poultry and soy sauce linearly increased,while it of cake linearly decreased,of salt increased first and then maintained,of fruit decreased first then increased to a level higher than first investigation.Significant difference between genders was observed in trend of vegetable and salt consumption change in quadratic term of time,and in trend of poultry,soy sauce and cake consumption change in one degree term of time,while no significant difference between genders was observed in other food consumption trends.2.During three investigations,intakes of total energy,protein,total fat,cholesterol,vitamin E,thiamine,riboflavin,niacin,phosphorus,potassium,magnesium,iron,zinc,selenium,SFA,MUFA,PUFA and proportion of energy from total fat and PUFA were at the same level in the first two investigations and increased at the last investigation,while proportion of energy from carbohydrate decreased at the last investigation.Meanwhile,ascorbic acid intake decreased at first and then maintained,while Sodium intake increased at first and then maintained.Significant difference between genders was observed in trend of total energy,total fat,thiamine,niacin,magnesium,iron,zinc,SFA,MUFA and PUFA intake change in quadratic term of time,and in trend of and proportion of energy from total fat,MUFA and PUFA change in one degree term of time,while no significant difference between genders was observed in other nutrient intake trends.3.Sampling size of study of the association between fat and physical parameters was 428(180 men and 248 women),with the average age of 46.9 years.Compared with the average level of Chinese residents in 2012,cereal,tuber,vegetable,fruit,diary,oil,salt and aginomoto consumption,total calory,carbohydrate intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrate were lower than Chinese average level,while legume,pickle,nut,livestock meat,seafood,pastry and soy sauce consumption,protein intake,proportion of energy from fat and protein were higher.Average physical activity,average sitting hour,height,weight,waist,SBP,DBP,LDL,TG,TC and Glucose in men were higher than they in women,while WHtR,Adiponectin,Leptin,Ghrelin,Obestatin and Insulin in men were lower.4.There was an increasing trend in the proportion of overweight/abdominally obese/hypertensive participants in three investigations.Proportion of participants with high proportion of energy from dietary fat was increased in the third investigation,and proportion of participants with low and medium were decreased as a result.Some participants changed their groupings of physical index(whether they were overweight/abdominally obese),but the proportion of those who became overweight or abdominally obese in the latter investigation when they were not in the former investigation was higher than the proportion of those who changed from overweight or abdominally obese group into normal group.5.No significant difference was observed between men and women in the distribution of levels of the proportion of energy from dietary fat.In women,higher proportion of participants with low-level proportion of energy from dietary fat was observed in laborers on farming,forestry,husbandry or fishing,while higher proportion of high-level proportion of energy from dietary fat was observed in administrators,managers and private-owners.Lower proportion of energy from dietary fat tended to be related to higher level of physical activity and lower level of sitting time,but the difference was non-significant.In women,lower energy intake and lower BMI,LDL and TC level was observed in participants with low-level proportion of energy from dietary fat than in those with medium or high level.No significant difference was observed in other parameters between groups of proportion of energy from dietary fat.6.Serum leptin level in men was negatively associated with proportion of energy from total fat and proportion of energy from MUFA.BMI in women was positively associated with proportion of energy from total fat and proportion of energy from PUFA,while LDL level in women was positively associated with proportion of energy from total fat.No significant association was observed in other medical parameters and dietary fat indexes.7.Results of multilevel model showed that a rise of 1 year in average age increased 0.58 mmHg in men's SBP and 0.68 mmHg in women's SBP,and decreased 0.24 kg in men's weight and 0.04kg/m2 in men's BMI,and increased 0.16cm in women's waist and 0.23 mmHg in women's DBP.Compared with jobwaiting/retired/houseworking participants,laborers on farming,forestry,husbandry or fishing were observed to have 8.35 mmHg lower SBP in men and 1.93 cm lower waist in women.Women with primary school education had 2.05 cm lower waist than women with education below primary school.Compared with participants with low-level(1st tertile)physical activity,1.22cm lower waist was observed in women with medium-level(2nd tertile),while 0.29 kg/m2 higher BMI was observed in men with high-level(3rd tertile)and 0.22 kg/m2 lower BMI was observed in women with medium-level(2nd tertile).Compared with participants with low-level(1st tertile)sitting time,0.58 kg higher weist and 1.67 mmHg lower DBP were observed in women with high-level(3rd tertile).Compared with participants with proportion of energy from dietary fat below 30%,0.92 kg lower weight was observed in men with proportion of energy from dietary fat over 40%.No significant influence was observed in other parameters to weight,waist and blood pressure.Average weight in women was 8.329 kg less than it in men,while average WHtR in women was 3.277 cm less and SBP 3.886 mmHg less and DBP 3.259 mmHg less.Average WHtR in laborers on farming,forestry,husbandry or fishing was 1.549 cm less than it in administrators,managers and private-owners,while SBP in laborers was 4.166 mmHg less and DBP 2.160 mmHg less.A rise of 1 h/d in sitting time increased 0.144 cm in average WHtR and decreased 0.014 mmHg in DBP.A rise of 1kcal in total energy intake increased 0.001 cm in average WHtR.A rise of 1%in proportion of energy from MUFA decreased 0.308mmHg in DBP while a rise of 1%in proportion of energy from PUFA decreased 0.287mmHg in DBP.No significant relation was observed in other dietary parameters to weight,WHtR and blood pressure.Conclusion:There is no association between proportion of energy from total dietary fat and weight,WHtR and blood pressure in the present study conducted in non-obese participants with almost stable dietary patterns.However,no sufficient evidence was raised from this study to prove that the upper limit of proportion of energy from dietary fat recommendation could be extended to 35%,which needs further study with more sampling size as well as clinical intervention to determine the reasonable range of proportion of energy from dietary fat.