Research On The Evolving System Of Altars And Temples In Capitals Of Qing Dynasty

The Chinese ancient altars and temples, as the essential foundation of a country and the most important part of the capital, are the group of architectures used by emperors to worship the nature and ancestors. They are the carriers of the core values of society in ancient China. The alters and temples formed the structures of the capitals of Qing Dynasty including Beijing and Shengjing. Shengjing was the first capital of Qing Dynasty. Although it is relatively small and the system was incomplete, Tangzi and the lama temple archived the unique pattern of the architectural structure of Shengjing. Beijing was developed through Ming and Qing Dynasty as the capital city. Beijing was chosen as the capital in Yongle Period, Ming Dynasty. People began to build altars and temples, the pattern of altars and temples were gradually formed. Since Beijing was chosen to be the permanent capital of Qing Dynasty, the development of the altars and temples has never been stopped through all Qing Dynasty. By the end of Qing Dynasty, Beijing had formed a comprehensive, multi-level, large scale and distinctive pattern of altars and temples.Scholars have been studying the altars and temples in capital of Ming and Qing Dynasty for generations, but there are still shortcomings, such as the lack of studies on the whole picture of the pattern of altars and temples of one capital or muti-capitals. In order to clarify the development and changes of the altars and temples in two capitals of Qing Dynasty, this paper stands in the macro point of view, thoroughly digs into the historical documents and image files, investigates Textual researches the physical sites, and analyzes the figure of surveying and mapping. Then this paper explores the relevance and regularity of the change of sacrifice and set the foundation of the pattern of altars and temples in capital of Ming and Qing Dynasty.The paper firstly studies the background of the building of the altars and temples: to clarify the final status of sacrificial ceremony in Beijing of Ming Dynasty and summarize the abolished altars and temples. Then this paper clarifies the sacrificial ceremony and the altars and temples before the entrance of Shanhaiguan of the Qing army and makes schematic recovery on the pattern of the altars and temples. The paper tries to clarify the foundation and development of sacrificial ceremony in Shunzhi Period, to interpret of the existing altars and temples of Ming Dynasty and the view on old customs of Qing Dynasty.Subsequently,the paper studies the evolvement of the pattern of the altars and temples of Qing Dynasty: to understand the inheriting relationships of the sacrificial ceremony between Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, to compare the change of sacrificial ceremony of the five Period, i.e Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Guangxu, to analyze the reason of the change, to classify the contents of sacrificial ceremony, to excavate the hidden Cultural of the expanding of the contents of sacrificial ceremony, to interpret the distribution characteristics of the time and date of the sacrificial ceremonies, to classify the evolvement and format of the sacrificial ceremonies. Then, to analyze the Changes in the characteristics and pattern of the altars and temples, according to order of the suburbs, the inner city, the Imperial city, the garden and the outfield.Finally, the paper summaries the evolving characteristics of the sacrificial ceremonies and pattern of the altars and temples in every level of the five Periods. This paper also analyzes the overall evolving pattern and discipline of the altars and temples of Qing Dynasty, to understand the important position of the altars and temples in the capital.