Study On The Extraction And Quality Of Sumac Fruit Oil

The nutgall tree belongs to the Sumac Rhus deciduous.It is main economic tree species in China. It often used as a raw material for pharmaceutical and industrial dyes. Content of oil in the sumac fruit isl2%-30%.It is a very nice woody oil plant resource. The nutgall tree is grown primarily for landscaping and cultivating Rhus chinensis Mill. Sumac fruit is not on rational use and sumac fruit seed is a common fruit circulation and preservation at the market.Fruit used as a seed collection, mostly natural waste on the ground. Every year, millions of tons of sumac fruit did not get a reasonable use of resource. The quality and method of sumac fruit oil is rarely reported in the literature, so the study of the sumac fruit and sumac fruit oil will improve the resource comprehensive utilization of sumac fruit.This paper studied major components and trace components of sumac fruit(seed), the sumac fruit(seed)oil quality of different areas and different process, the quality of refining sumac fruit(seed)oil, the quality and component of sumac fruit(seed)meal and milk. In order to provid data support for utilization of sumac fruit and industy standard of sumac fruit oil.First, the paper makes a comparative analysis of basic traits, major components and trace components with sumac fruit and sumac fruit seed. Sumac fruit is composed of exocarp,endocarp, seed kernel three parts, take off the outer peel of sumac fruit is sumac fruit seeds.As for oil resources,the sumac fruit and sumac fruit seed has obvious main differences. The fat content of sumac fruit is 19.17%-19.62%. The crude protein of content sumac fruit is 8.87%-11.98%.The crude fibre content of sumac fruit is 25.20%-31.41%. The fat content of sumac fruit seed is 9.41%-11.39%. The crude protein of content sumac fruit seed is 10.81%-19.38%. The crude fibre content of sumac fruit seed is 31.50%-34.48%. The amino acid content of the sumac fruit and sumac fruit seed are 7.56%, 14.22%, respectively. The contents of total flavonoids and tannin content in sumac fruit are 2.10%-2.47%, 2.16%-2.61%,respectively. The phytic acid and Saponins content of sumac furit are 0.32%-0.94%,1.24%-2.63%, respectively. The contents of total flavonoids and tannin content in sumac fruit are 1.20%-1.63%, 0.42%-0.74%, respectively. The phytic acid and Saponins content of sumac furit are 0.50%-2.17%, 1.18%-3.35%, respectively. As for oil resources, two raw materialsare significantly different of crude fat content, crude protein content and the content of trace elements.Then the 8 sumac furit seeds from different habitats and different years were extracted by hexane extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction,then the qualities of sumac fruit seed oil were determined and analyzed. The results showed that: the color of sumac fruit seed oil was dark yellow. The acid value and peroxide value of sumac fruit seed oil were 5.4-15.9 mg KOH/g and 0.9-4.4 mmol/kg, respectively. The differences of fatty acid composition of sumac fruit seed oil from different areas were unconspicuous, and the main fatty acids were linoleic acid (74.23%-75.37%), oleic acid (12.58%-12.94%), palmitic acid (7.93%-8.53%), stearic acid (2.05%-2.13%) and a-linolenic acid (1.24%-1.40%). The sumac fruit seed oil contained 779.7-1054.8 mg/kg of vitamin E,0.15%-0.43% of sterol content,0.64%-.56% of phospho-lipids content, 22.68-33.08 mg/100mL of total flavonoids content, 0.07-0.50 mg/mL of Tannin content and 0.43%-6.02% of Saponins content. But sumac fruit seed oil was not detected in phytic acid content. After refining,sumac fruit seed oil is light,clear and transparent, besides,acid value, peroxide value et al can reach the A-level of quality oil standards(Reference standard of oil-tea Camellia seed oil). Compared with supercritical CO2 extraction oil, the solvent extraction sumac fruit seed oil has less acid value, peroxide value,higher contents of unsaponifiable matter, sterols, phospholipids, vitamins E. Characteristic indexs (Include fatty acid composition, refractive index, relative density, saponification value,iodine value )of two kinds of sumac fruit seed oil didn't have significant differences.Comparative analysis of two kinds of oil, hexane extraction is more suitable for extraction of sumac fruit seed oil.After that, sumac fruits collected from three different areas were extracted by hexane extraction, cold pressing, hot pressing, then the quality of sumac fruit oils were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the acid value of sumac fruit oil were 12.5-22.7 mg KOH/g, the cold expressed oil>the hot expressed oil>the solvent oil. The peroxide value f sumac fruit oil were 14.5-47.9 mmol/kg,the cold expressed oil>the hot expressed oil>the solvent oil. The iodine value and saponification value of hot pressed sumac fruit oil are larger than the cold pressed sumac fruit oil, but the unsaponifiable matter content is lower than the cold pressed sumac fruit oil. The main fatty acids in sumac fruit oil were linoleic acid(38.05%-54.30%), oleic acid (14.77%-18.49%), palmitic acid (25.92%-38.50%), stearic acid(2.30%-3.26%) and a-linolenic acid (1.75%-2.56%). Different process oils have different fatty acid compositions. Whether the hot pressed oil or the cold pressed oil has lower linoleic acid content than the solvent oil,but has slightly higher oleic and palmitic acid. The content of vitamin E is 682.8?837.9 mg/kg, the hot expressed oil>the solvent oil>the cold expressed oil.The sumac fruit oil contained 102.28-165.92 mg/100mL of total flavonoids content and 37.28-108.07 mg/100g sterol content. The solvent oil and the hot expressed oil have little difference in sterol content. The cold expressed oil has higher sterol content than the solvent oil and the hot expressed oil. The content of tannin in sumac fruit oil is 3.29-6.89 mg/mL. the cold expressed oil>the solvent oil>the hot expressed oil. The content of saponins is 0.68%-4.37%. the solvent oil>the cold expressed oil>the hot expressed oil. But sumac fruit oil was not detected in phytic acid content. The colour of sumac fruit oil is very deep and dark brown. After degumming, deacidifing, decolorizing and deodorizing, the main quality index of sumac fruit oil can reach the refined oil standards. Selecting commonly used oil bleaching adsorbents (activated bentonite, activated carbon,attapulgite) decolorizing effect is not good.Even after deacidifing, and deodorizing,the color of sumac fruit oil is still not up to the color of the sumac fruit seed oil.What's more, the defatted meal qualities of the sumac fruit and the sumac fruit seed were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the crude protein content of the sumac fruit seed meal is 13.44%-23.14%. The crude fibre content is 32.07%-46.92%. The total flavonoids content is 1.60%-2.06%. The tannin content is 0.44%-0.65%. The phytic acid content is 0.21%-0.88%. The saponins content is 0.79%-2.48%. But the crude protein content of the sumac fruit meal is 9.52%-12.71%. The crude fibre content is 31.58-38.22%. The total flavonoids content is 1.95%-2.92%. The tannin content is 2.17%-2.49%. The phytic acid content is 0.37%-1.11%. The saponins content is 0.69%-1.73%.In conclusion, sumac fruit with high oil content can extract oil by pressing, but the crude oil has high acid value and deep color. The quality indicators of refined oil can reach edible oil requirements apart from the darker color. The oil content of sumac fruit seed is low, in order to improve the rate of oil ,we should extract oil by solvent extraction method. The sumac fruit seed crude oil has low acid value and light color and the all indicators of its refined oil can reach the national standard. The biggest difference of two oils is fatty acid composition. The main fatty acids in sumac fruit oil were linoleic acid (38.05%-54.30%),oleic acid (14.77%-18.49%), palmitic acid (25.92%-38.50%). But,the main fatty acids in sumac fruit seed oil were linoleic acid (74.23%-75.37%), oleic acid (12.58%-12.94%),palmitic acid (7.93%-8.53%). Two oils are rich in vitamin E, sterols, flavonoids and other bioactive components. This study provide data support for the development of sumac fruit oil.The results provide a reliable basis for series industry standards of sumac fruit oil and provide technical support for the development of sumac fruit oil.