Investigation On The Birds And Mammals Of Zhaotong City

General investigation of wildlife resources is a legal obligation of the state and people's governments at various levels.This study is a part of the second investigation on the terrestrial wildlife in Yunnan Province.According to the technical proposal of the national and Yunnan Province,we formulated the "technical scheme of Zhaotong City on terrestrial wildlife resources investigation"(hereinafter referred to as the "technical scheme").In accordance with a sampling intensity of 10%,a total of 24 sample areas of 10×10 km2 were set.The main research objects are the 93 bird species and 25 mammal species that were historically recorded in Zhaotong City,but we also recorded other bird and mammal species that were encountered in the course of investigation.The transect method,point sampling method(for birds only),interview method and infrared camera trap method were adopted in this investigation between July 24,2014 and May 7,2016.A total of 396 sample lines were surveyed,the total length of these lines was 933 km,and the average length of them was 2360 m.There were 16.5 sample lines each sample area.There were 768 sample points for surveying birds,averagely 32 sample points each sample area.310 residents including 286 males and 24 females were interviewed,and averagely,12.96 residents among them were interviewed in a sample area.The interviewees were mainly of Han,Miao,and Yi nationalities.Also,148 out of the 310 respondents were involved in an investigation on conservation attitude of local residents.Within 1604 days infrared camera trap method were adopted,with 1144 days for investigation at Sanjiangkou,Daguan county and 460 days for investigation at Daxueshan,Weixin county.There are 25 orders,58 families,147 genera,254 species of birds and mammals surveyed in Zhaotong City,including 17 orders,39 families,110 genera and 211 species of birds as well as including 8 orders,19 families,37 genera and 43 species of mammals.Four species surveyed in Zhaotong City were of national first class protected wild animal,including 2 species of birds,2 species of mammals,namely,Hrs Hume's Pheasant(Syrmaticus humiae),black-necked crane(Grus nigricollis),clouded Leopard(Neofelis nebulosa),forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii).Forty-seven species surveyed in Zhaotong City were of national second class protected animal,including 32 species of birds,15 species of mammals.One hundred and thirty-four species were among the list of high economic,scientific or ecological value,including 117 birds and 17 mammals.Eighty species were were target species according to the technical scheme,including 55 bird species(93 bird species should be found in Zhaotong City.)and 25 mammal species(55 mammal species should be found in Zhaotong City.),which was 59.14% and 100% in percentage for birds and mammals,respectively.In Zhaotong City,the residential birds was the main components in the local avian fauna,while the winter migrants,summer migrants,travel-byers,and vagrants were the minor parts.Among all 11 distribution types,the Oriental type and Himalaya Hengduan Mountain type were the.major types.There was a few distribution patterns of the Palaearctic.The main faunal components of birds in Zhaotong were oriental species and widespread species,while the Palearctic species was the smallest part..In Zhaotong City,there were 8 distribution patterns of mammals.The Oriental type accounts for the vast majority among all distribution patterns,while the proportion of other distribution patterns is low.Some Palearctic type can be found.In terms of faunal composition of mammals,only the Oriental species and Widespread species can be found.The number of the type of the former was the largest one.The Palearctic species were not found.The species diversity analysis of different elevation shows that in the alpine zone of 1600-2200 m elevation the number of birds and mammals was the largest,including 123 species of birds and 19 species of mammals.The number of birds and mammals was the least in the high and middle mountain zone of 2800-3400 m elevation,including 41 species of birds and 4 species of mammals.The species diversity analysis in different habitats shows the number of birds and mammals was the largest in broad-leaved forest,including 101 species of birds,13 species of mammals.The number of birds and mammals species was the smallest in the wetlands of rivers,lakes and swamps,including 25 species of birds,and 4 species of mammals.In order to make up for the deficiency of the line transects method,the point counts method and the interview method,the infrared camera survey method was adopted.Eight infrared cameras were paced from June 5,2015 to January 22,2016 at Sanjiangkou area,which is a part of Wumengshan National Nature Reserve,and Daxueshan.Weixin County.As a result,35 birds and mammals species,which belong to 7 orders,14 families and 27 genera,were recorded.Residents conservation attitude survey revealed that local residents had good awareness of protection of wild animal.They have a sound understanding on the role of wildlife played in the maintenance of ecological balance and environmental protection.The relevant departments of the government played an important role in wildlife protection.The propaganda work needed to be further strengthened,to make sure every family know how to protect wildlife.The economic losses of the local residents caused by wildlife should be compensated,with the procedures to be simplified,the amount of compensation to be raised.Meanwhile,illegal capture,breeding,and sale of wild animal should be forbidden.