Geographic Patterns Of Avian Species Richness In Shandong Province And Their Environmental Factors

The richness of biological species is one of the hot issues of biogeographical research,so the spatial pattern of species richness and its causes have been an important part of ecological and biogeographical research.Based on some date about environmental and geographic factor,such as birds distribution of Shandong province,types of ecosystems,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),annual temperature range,annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,the distance from the center of the grid to the nearest water,This paper using software of ArcGIS and SPSS to extract elements of factor data and do mathematical statistics.According to the results of statistical analysis,species richness of geographic patterns and their causes on birds in Shandong province and the main groups are explored.From the above study,This paper gets the following conclusions:(1)The richness of bird species is high in Yellow River delta,Taishan,Nansi Lake,Jiaodong peninsula and the coastal areas in Shandong province,while in Zaozhuang,Linyi,Liaocheng and Heze,the richness of bird species is low,and the trend of geographical distribution of bird species richness with latitude is not obvious in the provincial scale.(2)There are five hot spots which are found by the study of the bird species richness hotspots and partition: the Yellow River Delta region,Taishan area,Nansi Lake area,Fu Tuan River-the former three islands and Laoshan and the surrounding islands.Most of them are areas with abundant waters,lush vegetation,and relatively few human disturbances.The results of the statistics on the number of birds in the sub-area of the ecological function area are shown that the largest number of ecological zone is the Liaodong-Shandong hilly deciduous broad-leaved forest ecological zone and in the ecological sub-region,the largest number of birds is the low-hilly agriculture in the Jiaodong Peninsula-the forest-fishery ecological sub-region.(3)The correlation matrix of species richness of birds and major groups shows that passeriformes are highly correlated with the overall species richness,falconiformes and pelecaniformes are moderately correlated with the overall species richness and the correlation is relatively small.But the covariance trend of species richness among different groups is notconsistent.There is a strong correlation between species richness in the podicipediformes,pelecaniformes,ciconiiformes,gruiformes,columbiformes,strigiformes,coraciiformes,piciformes and passeriformes,while the correlation between the falconiformes and podicipediformes is minimal.(4)In the results of correlation analysis and multiple linear regression,the relationship between ecosystem type,NDVI,altitude and species richness is the most closely related,which indicated that the genetic factors accorded with habitat heterogeneity hypothesis and productivity hypothesis in the provincial scale.In the factor analysis,the meaning of the extracted principal component I and principal component II is consistent with these two hypotheses.The spatial pattern of species richness is negatively correlated with the distance(L)from the water body,and the correlation is strong.In factor analysis,L is classified as principal component ?.The correlation between spatial pattern of bird species richness,annual temperature range,annual mean temperature,and annual precipitation is not strong,indicating that the environmental heat hypothesis and the environmental stability hypothesis are not related to the genetic diversity of species.The species richness of birds in Shandong province has a complicated spatial pattern,and environmental factors have a complicated cooperative mechanism on the distribution pattern of species richness.To sum up the study,the causes of bird species richness in the provincial scale can be divided into three categories: habitat heterogeneity,vegetation productivity and distance from the nearest water body.Among them,the most influential factors are habitat heterogeneity,followed by vegetation productivity and distance from the nearest water body.These factors interact with each other to form the geographical pattern of bird species richness in Shandong province.