From The Perspective Of Economic Ethics For Accountants Under Moral Hazard And Its Countermeasures

Since 2001, American has erupted WorldCom, Enron and other financial reports fraud incident, prompting USA Congress passed the "Sarbanes- Oxley act", in order to strengthen the management of the company. However, similar financial event was staged in all parts of the world. In China, in recent years, the government increased the moral hazard problem of accounting personnel management, which makes the accounting personnel fraud problem has been improved, but on the whole, the moral hazard problem of accounting personnel in China’s large enterprises are still very common. Thus, accounting personnel, the moral hazard problem form the accounting fraud throughout the world have such as cancer like in commerce and industry growth and reproduction. Accountants moral risk around why produce, type, how to governance, academia have launched interdisciplinary research multi perspective. This paper tries to analyze the moral hazard problem of accounting personnel from the angle of ethics and causes and countermeasures.Economic ethics belongs to the interdisciplinary studies involving the relationship between economy and ethics in ethics. It highlights the fundamental question of ethics, namely the relationship between righteousness and interest, is the pursuit of the interests of the problem and follow the relationship between ethics and morality, as reflected in the accounting staff, is disclosed truthfully or illegal operation. From the point of view of economics, accounting personnel to help enterprises to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize the realization of interests. From the view of ethics, accounting personnel also need to follow certain social morality. Among them, it has moral hazard. From the economic point of view of ethics, moral hazard refers to in the economic activities, the main possibility of immoral actions make the enterprise or the interests of society as a whole have a negative economic consequences. Accountants moral risk is refers to the accounting business process, the accounting staff to the possibility of immoral actions have a negative economic consequences. The accounting personnel in the accounting practice, because of the information asymmetry of accounting policy, economic management, have the opportunity to economic main body or his own benefit maximization, regardless of social moral requirements, resulting in economic or social organization of normal economic activity appears likely loss. Accountants moral risk can be divided into the accounting environment of moral risk, accounting function, accounting moral hazard behavior intention of moral hazard, accounting operation system of moral risk.The reason of this phenomenon from the perspective of economics, classical economics believes that people are rational economic man, who has a self nature, people of this selfish nature should be the reason why the moral risk. It is because of the supreme economic subjects to pursue the maximization of individual interests and rational guidance, make the economy promote the people’s own benefit maximization choice will produce moral hazard. Accounting personnel in order to maximize their own interests is entirely possible to violate the social moral requirements, thus constituting a moral risk. Information economics theory from the perspective of game theory, explain the accounting personnel to the interests of the individual and the principal and the game between collective rationality and individual rationality, leading to conflict, so moral risk. New system economics in the development on the basis of classical economics and the theory of information economics, to study the causes and process of the moral risk from human behavior motivation level, the intrinsic mechanism of accounting personnel moral risk reveals. Accounting personnel’s limited rationality and opportunism tendency is the analysis about the causes of moral hazard of institutional economics is summed up.From the ethics point of view, the formation of accountants moral risk and accounting personnel own moral cognition, moral emotion, moral will and moral behavior habits and other factors are closely related. From the moral understanding, people’s ideological and moral formation and development cannot do without certain moral cognition. Understanding is the behavior and the pilot behavior, does not have a correct understanding, accountants moral risk is easy to produce. From the view of moral emotion, if the accounting personnel who love their work or activities, with the right emotion, bring for the enterprise and social development well as their direction, he will work hard to participate in accounting activities, dedication, and consciously avoid moral risk. Conversely, if the formation of incorrect emotional, to seeking as their goal, it will show a bad attitude, increase moral hazard. From the moral will, whether to have the resolute will, is an important condition for the accounting personnel can reach a certain level of morality. It directly affects the increase and decrease the risk of moral hazard. Only a correct understanding and good emotion, if the accounting personnel will is weak, will also increase the risk of moral hazard. From the moral behavior habits, an accounting personnel’s individual behavior is difficult to fully reflect his moral thought, only in the occupation behavior after many times of repeated form habits, habits can comprehensively, objectively reflect the comprehensive, ideological and moral status of accounting personnel. At the same time occupation, good moral habits formed, in turn can deepen the understanding of accounting personnel, to develop exercise and faith will promote emotional cultivation.Due to the previous analysis, this paper thinks that to avoid moral risk of accounting personnel, need the help of the principle, mechanism and path of the corresponding. In principle, to carry out the good faith, co generation of righteousness and benefit, the right balance, win-win cooperation to avoid the moral hazard of the accounting personnel principle. From the mechanism, incentive mechanism and constraint mechanism to construct the accounting personnel of the accounting staff to avoid moral hazard. From the path, it need to perfect the system, establish and perfect the accounting laws and regulations, and lay the foundation for the moral risk avoidance; to intensify the investigation and punishment, perfecting the system of rewards and penalties, increasing economic cost accounting personnel violations; at the same time, also need to create a good atmosphere of occupation, improve the moral quality, strengthen ethical education.