Mongolians Land Trading And Mortgage In Regions Of Rehe During The Mid And Late Qing Dynasty

land deal and mortgage are the commonest economic behaviors in social economic activities. In Niu Yingzi Village, Jianchang County, Rehe Region, it was common among the Han Chinese to freely purchase, sell and pawn the right to use land which belonged to Mongolians. While a Han Chinese rented a land of a Mongolian for perpetual farming, he would obtain an independent property right of the land(the surface field right) by continuously improving and investing in the land in the course of reclaiming wasteland and farming. Besides, he also acquired a series of rights like transfer, inherit or mortgage the right to use the land freely. When the property right of the land was divided, the Mongolians who were land owners partially possessed income right as well as right of disposition. Therefore, the Mongolians had the right to collect rental from the Han tenants. However, due to the inconvenience of collecting rental, the Mongolians often transferred their rights of rental collection to Han Chinese at a price lower than the fixed rental that tenants had to pay Mongolians every year. Sometimes the Mongolians also just sold the right to Han Chinese. In this way, the Han Chinese could make profit in the price differences of land rental. Actually, the Han Chinese who obtained from Mongolians the right to collect rentals didn ’ t have direct connection with the land. They could transfer the right to collect rentals to others at will without involving the land ownership.