Study On The Military Defensive System Of Shanhaiguan Region In The Ming Dynasty

Shanhaiguan region is an important gateway to connect Beijing area and its environs with the Liaodong region, its importance is self-evident. Shanhaiguan region as a whole has a formation of tight military defense system owing to its various camp roads, barriers and garrisons (Wei-Suo). In the military system, Shanhaiguan region achieved the transition from single military system to the military camp and the provincial town of two-track conversion in Wei-Suo, and Wei-Suo gradually transformed from military combat units into logistical units. In the late Ming Dynasty, provincial town became the imperial army camp stationed at the main combat and take the main defense missions in Shanhaiguan area. On the command system, Shanhaiguan region has gone through three major phases:In Hongwu Department Masanori years, Bu-Shi, Shou-Chen, and military attache of Wei-Suo were in charged together; In Jiajing Wanli forty-six years, the command system of camp soldiers and provincial town has been built and perfected, meantime, Barangay civilian governors were represented by the Minister to governed garrison collaboratively, and situation of collaborative governance of Fumiomis and military officials has been formed; After Shanhai town was built in Wanli forty-six years, the evolution of the system of command and leadership has been made. In the late Ming Dynasty, with the rise of Late Jin forces, the focus of Ming northern border shifted from the northwest to the northeast. As the war escalated, the level of officials who were sent by the court was gradually increased a little, thus, governors of divisions had been brought together in Shanhaiguan region, in addition to the Governor involving local affairs, the governor and other officials moved to this order by the court, coupled with the existing local the civil and military officials. In that case, power relations in Shanhaiguan region have been increasingly complicated and it was mainly manifested in two aspects:The first one is the power relations between different levels of Fumiomis and military officials longitudinally; Secondly, the relationship between Fumiomis and military commanders on the horizontal dimension. Juntun system was implemented in Ming Dynasty, which means a number of households armed together to farm and live, and accept a unified command and management. Such system named Juntun premises, and is known simply as Tun, which were built with fortifications were called Tunbao. Shanhaiguan area was engaged with wars frequently, and the Juntuns were mostly built with fortresses as Tunbao. In one sense, Tun in Ming Dynasty is the grassroots of the community. In the long-term development in the Ming Dynasty, the impact of the social order has been made and deepened due to the constant mutual penetration and influence of Wei-Suo and Tunbao. Especially in Shanhaiguan area, owing to the frequent wars, and the situation of civilians and domestic stayed together, the interaction between Wei-Suo and Tunbao and social order is more complicated, and is mainly reflected maintain of law and security etc..