Co-endemicity Of Malaria, Intestinal Helminths Infections (IHIs) And G6PD Deficiency Of School Age Students In China-Myanmar Border

Objectives:This paper aims at exploring School-age children mixed infections with malaria, intestinal parasitic infections (IHIs) and G6PD deficiency incidence at China-Myanmar border regions.Methods:There are two parts in the experiment:field sampling and laboratory testing. The task of field sampling is collecting stool and blood samples of two school children at China-Myanmar border. In laboratory, each stool sample will be tested for three times by using Kato Katz method, then with the help of microscopic examination to determine the type of parasite eggs and have them counted. Finger-blood samples used for PCR malaria type identification for plasmodium infection, G6PD deficiency determination and determine hemoglobin, respectively.Results:1. A total of 1032 blood and stool samples collected from primary and secondary school children. For P.falciparum PCR and microscopy results are 8 and 0, respectively. For P. vivax are 33 and 18, respectively (p=0.005, χ2=8.03 and p=0.03, χ2=4.52).2.Hookworm(31.30%)accounted for the largest proportion followed by P. vivax. Among the 41 cases of malaria patients,15 cases co-infected with Hookworm. But co-infection between malaria and other helminthes were not found in this study.3. The distribution of Hookworm by age was significant (p<0.001, χ2=19.48) with the elder age group recording the higher prevalence (38.84%). Distribution of T. trichiuras by age also showed a significant difference (p=0.04,χ2=4.21) with the elder age group recording the higher prevalence (0.70%) of infection. Among the 41 cases of malaria patients,15 (36.59%) cases co-infected with Hookworm.4. Females were generally more infected with all the intestinal Helminthes and the difference was not significant.5. There was a significant association was observed between the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and anemia (χ2= 3.95, p= 0.047). And significant association was observed between the prevalence of Hookworm and anemia (χ2= 6.36, p=0.01), which implies a kind of co-infection. No significant difference was observed between the degree of anemia and type of infection.6. For IHIs, N2 school students were higher than L1 school and a significant difference can be observed (p<0.001, χ2=21.23). A significant difference of the level of Hb was observed between the two school students (p<0.001, t-test), indicating a much better health or nutritional status of students in La Zai than N2.Conclusions:1. For P. falciparum and P. vivax, blood direct nested PCR is much better than microscopy. Direct PCR in combination with the collection of blood samples on filter paper provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective alternative for malaria diagnosis.2. The distribution of Hookworm by age was significant with the elder age group recording the higher prevalence. Distribution of A. T. trichiura by age also showed a significant difference with the elder age group recording the higher prevalence of infection.3. There was a significant association was observed between the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and anemia. Significant association was observed between the prevalence of IHIs and anemia. Species-specific analysis revealed a significant association between Hookworm and anemia.4. Malaria was generally higher among L1 school. For IHIs, N2 school was also higher than L1 school. A significant difference of the level of Hb and BMI were also observed between the two school.