| PART I Validity and reliability and of Chinese version of of the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire-5 items (MEQ-5) in students of technical schools1. ObjectiveCurrently, the evaluation methods of individual daily rhythms are almost objective methods such as medical history, sleep diaries, melatonin level variation, temperature measuring which are complex in operation. However, assessing in scale is much more practicable as a powerful supplement of biological detection. Among all kinds of daily rhythms assessing scales, the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire-19 items (MEQ-19) compiled by Home and Ostberg was most widely used. MEQ-19 is a self-rating scales which consist of 19 items and totally score from 16 to 86 points. Subjects according to the total score can be divided into five types:1, Definitely Morning:70-86 points; 2, Moderately Morning:59-69 points; 3, Neutral:42-58 points; 4, Moderately Evening:31-41 points; 5, Definitely Evening: 16-30 points. MEQ-19 has great psychometrics characteristics and has been translated into many languages. But there were no Chinese version MEQ-19 until we translated it in 2012. Thus, Adan and Almirall extracted 5 items (iteml,7,10,18,19) from MEQ-19 by statistical models to constitute the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire-5 items (MEQ-5). Many studies have shown that psychometrics characteristics of MEQ-5 are similar to MEQ-19 and can be finishing in less time. Subjects can also be divided into five types according to the total score of MEQ-5:1, Definitely Morning:22-25 points; 2, Moderately Morning:18-21 points; 3, Neutral:12-17points; 4, Moderately Evening:8-11 points; 5, Definitely Evening: 4-7 points.People of different circadian rhythm usually have different physiological characteristics. Such as some people who tend to keeping early hours (Morningness Sleeper, MS) are called the lark type and some people who tend to keeping late hours (Eveningness Sleeper, ES) are called the owls type.People with different circadian rhythms are also different in physical status, psychological status and social economic conditions besides time to go to bed and get up. This is not only related to their inherent biological rhythm differences, but also may be associated with the level of daytime drowsiness caused by these differences, and thus affect their work, study and social functions. Daily periodicity disorder is a kind of important sleep disorders which including:front/rear sleep phase syndrome, and the non-24 h daily period syndrome, sleep disorders caused by shift work and fly across time zones,etc. it is important to know daily periodicity in diagnosing and treating patients with this kind of diseases.The objective of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of Chinese version Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire-5 items (MEQ-5) on technician training school students and its representativeness for MEQ-19.2. Methods2.1 Subjects2.1.1 Participants:All the new students of Guangzhou Baiyun Industry and Commerce Senior Technician School enrolled in September,2014 were selected. More than 10% of the research subjects were randomly selected after two month to retest Chinese version MEQ-19 and abstract the same items of MEQ-5 from it.2.1.2 Inclusion criteria:Average age was 18.37±2.52 years old (aged form 15 to 24).2.1.3 Exclusion criteria:The Chinese version MEQ-5 questionnaires which missed more than 30% data and were unfinished were deemed as invalid questionnaire.2.2 Measurements2.2.1 Assessing daily rhythms by Chinese version MEQ-5Chinese version MEQ-19 is a self-rating scales which consist of 19 items.5 items (item1,7,10,18,19) were extracted from MEQ-19 to constitute the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire-5 items (MEQ-5). MEQ-5 totally score from 4 to 25 points and subjects can be divided into 5 types according to Adan and Almirall’ suggestion:Definitely Evening, DE:4～7 points; Moderately Evening, ME: 8 ～ 11 points; Neutral, N:12～17points; Moderately Morning, MM:18-21 points; Definitely Morning, DM:22～25 points.2.2.2 Collecting basic social demographic informationAge, gender, body mass index (BMI), health status, only child or not, residence, family income, father’s education level, mother’s education level.2.2.3 Assessing the level of daytime drowsiness by Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESEpworth Sleepiness Scale (ES) was compiled by Johns MW to Assessing the status of excessive daytime sleepiness. drowsiness can be half-objectively assessed by Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The total score of ES is 24 points and drowsiness of subjects can be divided into three types according to the total score:>6 points means having drowsiness,>11 points means excessive drowsiness,>16 points means dangerous drowsiness.2.3 Process2.3.1 Reorganize the questionnaires2.3.2 Personnel training, pre-assessment, and data type-inResearchers introduced the purpose and attentions of this survey to the head of the school and the teachers in order to make sure timely solution of mis-understanding while students filling in. Survey was be conducted in class using questionnaire which have unified instruction. The teachers who promised to keep privacy assisted in issuing questionnaires, reading the instructions and explanation of requirments. And questionnaires were filled in truly and correctly by students. Questionnaire were taking back immediately in the classroom and typing in after back.2.3.3 Reassessment and data type-inMore than 10% of the research subjects were randomly selected after two month (2014.12) to reassess by Chinese version MEQ-19 (MEQ-5 abstracted from it).2.4 Statistic analysisStatistic analysis were conducted by software SPSS 16.0. General conditions of subjects were described using frequency, mean and standard deviation. Using factor analysis to conduct exploratory factor analysis on Chinese version MEQ-5. Reliability was described by Chronbach’s a and Spearman Brown split-half reliability. Correlation of variables were tested by sprearman correlation test. Categorical variables were compared in two groups by chi-square test. And numerical variables were compared in two groups by t test if normal otherwise by Mann-Whitney U test. Bonferroni was used in multiple comparison after signficant ANOVA.3. ResultsPre-assessment were conducted in October,2014 on all the new students of Guangzhou Baiyun Industry and Commerce Senior Technician School enrolled in 2014. Totally 4733 questionnaires were released and 4533(95.8%) were taking back.46 questionnaires missed more than 30% data and eight were unfinished which were deemed as invalid questionnaire.4479 questionnaires(94.6%) were valid. 535(12%) subjects were randomly reassessed and 514 questionnaires (91.6%) were valid. Completion time(< 1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,> 10 minutes). MEQ-5 and MEQ-19 were recorded both in pre-assessment and reassessment.3.1 Validity3.1.1 Face validityMore than 95% subjects have finished all items of Chinese version MEQ-5 in 1 minute. The average completion time of Chinese version MEQ-19 was 18.37±2.52 (range form 15 to 24) minutes in reassessment. Completion time of questionnaire was short and highly completed which represent of good face validity.3.1.2 Construct validityVariance explained value of one-factor structure was 51.58%and the load scores of items were 0.527-0.706 which prove a good construct validity.3.1.3 Discriminant validityESS score of different types were significantly different which prove a good discriminant validity.3.2 Reliability3.2.1 Homogeneity reliabilityThe Cronbach’s a coefficient was 0.736, Spearman Brown split reliability was 0.592, which means a good homogeneity reliability.3.2.2 Test-retest reliabilityThe difference between scores of test and retest were not statistically significant(P>0.05), which means a good test-retest reliability.1. ConclutionThe Chinese version Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire-5 items (MEQ-5) has good validity and reliability on daily rhythms testing of technician training school students and is concise enough to be complete in 1 minute. It has good representativeness for MEQ-19.Part II The research of sleep characteristics on morningness, neutral and eveningness young students.Objective Research on different daily rhythms individuals’sleep characteristicsMethod 4186 questionnaires were chosen from 4479 invalid questionnaire in part one. Social demographic characteristics, sleeping characteristics and psychoactive substances(nicotine and alcohol) were known by questionnaire; MEQ-5 was used to measure daily rhythms and Epworth Sleepiness Scale to assess the level of drowsiness. Statistical analysis was conducted by software SPSS 16.0. Numerical variables were compared in multiple groups by ANOVA; correlation of variables were tested by Pearson correlation test; categorical variables were compared in different groups by chi-square test.Resultsl The age of the respondents(3378 male and 808 female) was 17.88±1.72(range from 13 to 25) and the BMI was 20.30±3.22.97.8 percent of the respondents were healthy,81.9 percent were from the one-child family,68.4 percent came from rural and less than 10 percent of them had parents who got higher education than college.2. There were 654 morningness sleepers,2877 neutral sleepers and 655 eveningness sleepers.3.Among three types, there were statistically difference on time of sleep and getting up(P<0.001) on weekends and statistically difference on time of getting up on long vacation. From the morningness to the eveningness, their level of drowsiness was getting higher significantly.Conclusion It is suggested that different type of students can adjust their sleep time to get a similar length of sleep on the basis of their daily cyclophysis with a limited time of sleep at school.All of them tend to get up late on weekends and long vacation which conform to our internal biological clock to lag without external factors influence. During weekends and long vacation, the eveningness need more sleep than the morningness, which is also proved by the previous studies. The eveningnessget more drowsiness during the day.Part Ⅲ The research of emotion on morningness, neutral and eveningnesstechnician training school students.Objective Research on different daily rhythms technician training school students’emotionMethod 4186 questionnaires were chosen to be respondents;social demographic characteristics and the usage of psychoactive substances were known by questionnaire; daily rhythms was divided by MEQ-5; the degree of depression was assessed by BDI; the anxietyfeeling of individual was assessed by SAS; statistical analysis was conducted by software SPSS 16.0.Results 1.There were no statistical difference on social demographic characteristics, age and BMI among different types(P>0.05).However, the gender ratio, drinking condition and number of smoker were statistically different(P＜0.001). The usage of psychoactive substances was similar among the groups, meanwhile, there were few young students always drink or smoke.2. The number of MS, NS, ES, the despression and the anxiety were statistically different in the assessment of BDI and SAS(P＜0.001).Conclusion The negative emotions such as anxiety and depression are associated with different daily rhythms. |
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