| Chinese medicinal material of Guangcigu is the dried bulb of Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker, which was belonged to Tulipa genus under Liliaceae family. The flavor of Guangcigu is sweet, coldness is its characteristic, poisonous. It has effects of detoxication, lump dissipation and removing blood stasis to promote blood circulation. Guangcigu has been used for treatment of throat-swelling, scrofula, carbuncle-abscess, sore and stasis after childbirth. The results of herbal textural research showed that Guangcigu did not referred in previous herbal literature,the bulb of T. edulis was used as "Shancigu" in the past. The growth period of T. edulis. is short, and biological characteristics of T. edulis.were similar with the same family medicinal plants like T. gesneriana,F. thunbergii, F. cirrhosa and so on. The skin of bulb, with densely long villose inside, was paper film when digged out from the field. According to Flora,T.edulis was mainly distributed in Andong Liaoning (namely Dandong today), Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui,Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Shanxi (Taibai mountain), also distributed in North and South Korea,it naturally grows in hillside,grassland and roadside.Along with the constant growing demand for Guangcigu of traditional Chinese medicine industry,the contradiction between Guangcigu supply and demand becomes more and more serious.The source mainly comes from wild herbs presently, research results about T. edulis or Guangcigu were poor. The artificial cultivation results showed that low propagation coefficient has become the main obstacle for standard cultivation and producing of T. edulis.Based on the investigation of wide spot which was record in flora and flora of each province, combined with the observation of long-term fixed-point in Zijin mountain and the research of pollination characters, seed physiological and germination characteristics of T. edulis.,the main conclusions were as following:(1) Based on the field resources investigation of30wide spots in10provinces, combined with the observation of long-term fixed-point in Zijin mountain, Principal components analysis (PCA) was used for the reduction analysis of representative distributing regions’geography and meteorological data. the results showed that T. edulis.was mainly distributed in the west of Jiangsu province, south-central of Anhui province and the north of Jiangxi and Zhejiang province. The Growth period of T. edulis.was very short. In those distributions south to the HuaiHe district, the Full-bloom stage of T. edulis.was in the last ten days of February, the senescence period was in the last ten days of April, and the same phenophase delayed25-35days in north distributions. Asexual breeding happened mainly in the wild, but sexual propagation successed in suitable environment. Results show that T. edulis. are strict to meteorological conditions. The niche of T. edulis. is narrow,and the population belongs to clumped type.(2) Study results of pollination biology suggest that,the flower of T. edulis showed typical characteristics of Liliaceae. The pollen viabitity began before anther dehiscence, peaked in3days after bloom, and remained viable until the flower wilted. Stigma acceptability peaked in the first day of blossom and dwindled away in the next five days. The type of breeding system of T. edulis was facultative xenogamy, withal cross-pollination give priority to self-pollination, three species of Halictus are the main pollination insects. further validation are needed to judge if the wind is helpful to pollination.(3) The results of anatomical observation,stratification and other experiments show that, the embryo rate of newly matured seeds was about10%, and there was no obstacle for water absorption on testa of T. edulis. The optimum method for embryo development was to immerse the seeds in300mg·L-1gibberellin solution for24hours, and stratification at25℃for70days followed by stratification at5℃for40days. The germintion rate and germination index of dormancy-broken seeds were significantly higher under the dark environment at10℃and15℃than those under other conditions. Additionally, there were some germination inhibitory substances in dry seeds. The seed of T. edulis can be classified as having complex morphophysiological dormancy, and the morphological embryo dormancy played a leading role. Alternating temperature stratification resulted in a fast dormancy breaking effect, and a high germination rate more than90%could be obtained under the optimum conditions. |
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