| Studied on germplasm identification,adaptability evaluation,vegetative propagation and sexual propagation in Amorphaphallus.It was the first time that germplasm identification of Amorphaphallus with SPME-GC/MS technique, but also tried to build adaptability of index system in Amorphaphallus.At the same time, through vegetative propagation characteristics of A. konjac, A.albus, A.bulbifer, it proposed a new method of germplasm classification based on positional relationship between the main corm and progeny. The insect pollination techniques were been builded through floral design, flower buds, floral display, appendix odours,setting rate of inbred, sexual reproduction characteristics, flower-visiting and pollinating insects, pollination evaluation of insect pollination, results are as follows:(1).The odor mass from germplasm reproductive organs----appendix was measured by using SPME-GC/MS technique. These odor moleculars were numbered from 1 to 30 sequentially as butanal, methyl thiolacetate, hexane,2-(vinyloxy)-Ethanol,3-hydroxy-2-Butanone,3-methyl- 1-butanol, DMDS, octane, 4-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate, 2-methyl- butanoic acid ethyl ester,3-methyl-butanoic acid ethyl ester,4-methyl-Pentanoic acid methyl ester,heptanal,4-methyl-Pentanoic acid, 4-methyl-Pentanoic acid ethyl ester, DMTS, heptanol,nonanal,1-Nonanol, DMTe S, undecane,dodecane,tridecane, pentadecane, 1-butanol, 3-methyl- acetate, butylated hydroxytoluen, acetophenone, phenylmethyl ester acetic acid, α-methyl-benzenemethanolacetate.Then exist odor coded as 1, nothing coded as 0. The barcode of A.krausei,A. konjac, E Moyu 1, A.albus, A. yunnanensis were 00111 11110 11111 11111 00001 01000、10000 01100 00000 01000 01110 00000、00000 01000 00000 01000 10000 00000、01000 01000 00000 01000 10000 00000、00000 10101 00000 00000 00000 10111,respectively. Optimization of solid-phase adsorption column, update GC-MS database and so on were expected to improve the discrimination of odorants in order to distinguish mutations species or cultivation species, and ultimately establish Amorphaphallus chemical identification barcode library.(2).In Enshi 450-1250 m altitude region, Amorphophallus albus could overwinter, grow normally and develop, and complete its life cycle in more than 4 years; Vegetative propagation test field showed the number of rhizome increased with the bulbous mass, the ratio of rhizome mass and total mass was 56.93%, its propagation coefficient was 9.83, higher than 3.88 of Qingjiang A.konjac; sexual propagation test showed florescence was short, generally 5-10 d, florescence increased with the number of population extend, the average seed number was 54 for mean individual, hundred-grain weight was 19.18, 17.05, 26.14 g during 2010-2012, the average was 23.93 g, 77.52% higher than the corresponding year 13.48 g of A.konjac; drought stress seriously affected their propagation, mainly to reduce the number of rhizomes and the ratio of rhizome mass. KGM content in flour and flour yield showed that its quality was better than A. konjac, while the 40-100 mesh flour yield could be used to quickly evaluate albus quality. A.albus was unsuited to introduce for field cultivation, but it could be used in breeding in Enshi, while anti-disease resistance, photosynthesis and high-temperature resistance should be added to construct systematic of introduction for Amorphophallus resources.Adaptability evaluation of introduction system was proposed for the first time in Amorphophallus germplasm, include 1 center,3 levels and 9 indexes, industrialization as the center, breeding, propagation, promotion as 3 levels and grow, blossom, Setting,cold resistance, heat resistance, photosynthetic performance, disease resistance, yield, quality evaluation as 9 indexes.(3).For counting the rhizome number, abscission layer was used instead of rhizome number in Amorphophallus germplasm, which not only improved the accuracy and repeatability, but also make the tests conveniently. The rhizome number showed normal distribution, meanwhile, bulbs weight and rhizome number had a significant positive correlation, y=1.1894Ln(x)-1.5682(R2=0.9833). Vegetative propagation coefficients of 40-430 g A.konjac, 86-127 g A.albus, 1-2 age A.bulbifer were 5.34,10.83,20.00, respectively. Amorphophallus germplasm could be classified into 3 categories of vivo germplasm, vitro germplasm, and bulbils germplasm with the location between corm and progeny in China.(4).Flowering phenology. A.konjac, A.kachinensis, A.yunnanensis showed the earliest flowering, followed by A.bulbifer, then A. albus, and A.krausei was the latest, A.konjac was early than A.albus and A.krausei about 2,3 months. A.konjac and A.albus always bloom in 6-10 d, A.yunnanensis and A.krausei bloom in 30 d, A. kachinensis and A.bulbifer were unclear due to less samples. Flowering phenology was important to adjust flowering time for hybridizing and propagation ecology research. On the other hand, the centralization of flowering was the important item for identification of germplasm purity in Amorphophallus.(5).Quick identification of Flower buds. In A.konjac, flower tuber could be identified in two effective way: One is checking the bud length, flower buds was 4.84±0.73 cm in 2011; the leaf bud was 0.95±0.15 cm in 2012, and flower buds was 5.67±0.82 cm. Generally, flower buds were over 5 times in length than that of leaf buds, which the difference was significant. The other is observing the bud form, buds showed pyramid structure must be leaf bud with form fitting curve y = 3.8415x-1.0456(R2=0.9965); flower buds with obvious pregnancy feature which swell in the lower part of buds, with form fitting curve y =-0.0548x4 + 0.9548x3- 6.0155x2 + 17.43x- 2.7329(R2=0.9998).(6).There were more than 20 visiting insects belonging 15 families in 7 orders of A.konjac,in which, Pollinating insects are 5 families in 3 orders,including Onthophagus sp.(Coleoptera: scarabaeidae), Staphylinoidea sp.(Coleoptera: Superfamily Staphylinoidea:), calliphoride sp.(Diptera: Calliphoridae), Sarcophagidae sp.(Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Labiduridae sp.(Dermaptera: Labiduridae). Coleoptera and Diptera have the most visiting insects. In windy days Paederus visiting female and male flowering were 62 and 2.83, and in normal days that were 152, 16.33, respectively. The difference was significant, suggesting that male flowering odor was an important factor to attract paederus visiting A.konjac flower.(7).In artificial sexual reproduction, it was first reported that low seed rates could affect the survive of pollination plants, which the plant would die with less than 21.98% seeds, and it would survive with more than 25.58% seeds. Meanwhile, to further reveal the correlation between the seeds number and tuber weight, the formula could be used as y = 348.62Ln(x)- 1913.2(R2 = 0.9913), which provide a reliable basis for yield forecasting in seed production. It also proved the ecological mechanism of A.konjac sexual reproduction seed rate was the resource limitation mechanism.(8).Manual intervention to strengthen the insect pollination techniques, the field scattered flower A.konjac group setting rate 4.05%, bagged seed population rate 9.09%, 34.96% rate of self-seed. Use enriched treatment, group and individual seed seed set rate of dimethyl sulfide odor lure oligonucleotide treated separately can be increased to 85.71% and 77.85%, 86.96% and 74.24%. In inbred seed rate, individual seed rate control, then increased 76.62% and 42.89%, 77.87% and 39.28%, reaching a very significant difference. |
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