| This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with proline on productive performance in pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs and growth and development of their offsprings. Fourty-eight female Huanjiang mini-pigs with about 25 kg of body weight were used and randomly assigned into three groups(8 pens per group, 2 sowes per pen) after 15-day of pregnancy. The three groups of pigs were supplied with basic ration supplemented with 0.77% L-alanine(iso-nitrogenous control), 1.00% L-Proline, or 0.77% L-alanine + 0.0167% DFMO(the inhibitor of polyamine synthesis), respectively. After 45-day or 70-day of pregnancy, one sow per pen was weighted and sacrificed by bloodletting. Blood samples were collected into heparin-coated tubes and the plasma was recovered by centrifugation for analyzing biochemical parameters, free amino acid, and polyamines. The numbers of corepus luteum and fetus were observed, and the weights of conceptus and fetus were weighed, respectively, by dissecting the sampled sows. The amniotic and allantoic fluids according to the heaviest, middle and lightest fetus in alanine-supplemented group were collected for analyzing biochemical parameters and free amino acid, as well as those according to the fetus with middle weight in the other 2 groups. Another 15 female Huanjiang mini-pigs with about 25 kg of body weight were used and randomly assigned into 3 groups(5 pens per group, 1 sow per pen) after 15-day of pregnancy. The dietary treatment is same as above-mentioned. Within 2 h after spontaneous delivery, numbers of piglets and their body weight were recorded. The heaviest, middle and lightest piglets were chosen to analyse the effects of dietary supplementation with proline on intestinal development of piglets, and the other piglets were cared by sows. At 7 or 14 days of age, one piglet per litter was weighted and sacrificed by bloodletting. Blood samples were collected into heparin-coated tubes and the plasma was recovered by centrifugation for analyzing biochemical parameters, free amino acid, and polyamines. The heart, liver, kidney, and spleen of the sampled piglets were separated and weighted to calculate internal organ coefficient. The results showed as follows:1. The effects of dietary supplementation with proline on reproductive performance and plasma biochemical parameters in pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs. The litter weight in proline-supplemented group at 70-day of pregnancy was higher(P<0.05) compared with the alanine-supplemented group; the numbers of corepus luteum, fetus, weight of conceptus and fetus have no significant difference among three groups. At 45-day of pregnancy, the plasma activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase and concentration of lactic acid in the proline-supplemented group were decreased(P<0.05) compared with the alanine-supplemented group; other determined indexes have no significant difference among three groups. The plasma concentrations of albumin in the alanine- or DFMO-supplemented group, total cholesterol and putrescine in the proline- or DFMO-supplemented group, and glutamine in the three groups at 70-day of pregnancy decreased(P<0.05), while the plasma concentration of 3-methyl histidine in the three groups increased(P<0.05) When compared with 45-day of pregnancy.2. The effects of dietary supplementation with proline on chemical components of amniotic and allantoic fluids in pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs. At the 45-day and 70-day of pregnancy, the weights of fetus and conceptus have no significant difference(P>0.05) in the three groups. At the 45-day of pregnancy, the concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, isoleucine, and arginine of amniotic fluid in the DFMO-supplemented group are higher(P<0.05) compared with the alanine-supplemented group, as well as the concentration of cysteine in amniotic fluid of the proline-supplemented group at the 70-day of pregnancy, while the concentrations of albumin and arginine in allantoic fluid are lower(P<0.05) than those in the alanine-supplemented group. There are no significant differences(P>0.05) in terms of other data in the three groups. At the 70-day of pregnancy, in the amniotic fluid, the activity of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in the three groups increased(P<0.05), while the concentrations of phenylalanine, isoleucine, and serine decreased(P<0.05); the activities of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in alanine- or proline-supplemented group increased(P<0.05), and concentrations of lysine in these two groups decreased(P<0.05); concentrations of glucose increased(P<0.05) in the alanineor DFMO-supplemented group, while leucine and cysteine decreased(P<0.05); activity of lactic dehydrogenase and concentration of urea nitrogen increased(P<0.05), while concentration of arginine decreased(P<0.05) in the proline- or DFMO-supplemented group, when compared with those at 45-day of pregnancy. In addition, at the 70-day of pregnancy, concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine in allantoic fluid in the three groups increased(P<0.05), while concentrations of glutamic acid and arginine in proline- or DFMO-supplemented group dereased(P<0.05), when compared with those at 45-day of pregnancy.3. The effects of dietary supplementation with proline on plasma chemical components in suckling Huanjiang mini-pigs. The birth weights of piglets and litter size had no significant difference(P>0.05) among three groups. At 7-day of age, the plasma concentration of ammonia in the proline- or DMFO-supplemented group are lower(P<0.05) compared with the alanine-supplemented group. At 14-day of age, the body weight of piglets in the proline-supplemented group are higher(P<0.05) compared with the other two groups, and the plasma concentrations of glucose, arginine, and proline are higher(P<0.05) than those in the alanine-supplemented group; the plasma concentrations of ammonia and glucose in the DFMO-supplemented group were lower(P<0.05) than those in the proline-supplemented group, while the plasma concentrations of arginine, ornithine, and asparaginate were higher(P<0.05) compared with the alanine-supplemented group, as well as the concentration of asparaginate compared with the proline-supplemented group.4. The differences of chemical components in amniotic and allantoic fluids of fetus with different body weight. At the 70-day of pregnancy, the body weight of fetus in the lightest group are lower(P<0.05) compared with the biggest and middle groups. At the 45-day of pregnancy, the activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase in the allantoic fluid of lightest group are lower than those in the middle weight group(P<0.05), as well as the concentrations of albumin, lactic acid, glucose, and triglyceride; the concentration of arginine in the amniotic fluid of heaviest group was higher(P<0.05), while the concentration of lactic acid in the allantoic fluid was lower(P<0.05), when compared with the middle-weight group. At the 70-day of pregnancy, the activity of lactic dehydrogenase in the amniotic fluid in the heaviest group was higher(P<0.05) than this in the middle-weight group, and the concentrations of creatinine and triglyceride in the amniotic fluid of the lightest group were higher(P<0.05) than those in the heaviest group.In conclusion, dietary supplementation with proline or DFMO altered the status of nutrient metabolism of pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs and their offsprings, which resulted in influence on productive performance of sows, as well as growth and development of their offsprings. The body weight of fetus are closely related to some nutrients and their metabolites in amniotic and allantoic fluids. |
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