Species Identification Of Trematodes From Birds In Shanghai Flowers And Birds Markets

Trematode is a kind of common parasites in birds. Infected birds are not only have problems in growth but also seriously can be death. According to statistics, there are 591 kinds of trematodes can infect birds.Some of them, such as Echinostoma revolutum, Echinochasmus japonicus, Cotylurus japonicus and Philophthalmus gralli, which can infect human, have certain harm to human health. As the improvement of living standards, the contaction between human and birds is more and more frequent, and the human infection opportunity is greatly increased. So, to strengthen the research of trematodes of birds is not only conductive to the prevention and control of parasitic disease in birds, but also benefit for improving people’s awareness of zoonotic parasitic disease. And it has important public health significance. In the year of 2012 and 2013, our research group seized 280 trematodes from 144 birds in Shanghai flowers and birds market, and the species were not identified. This study used the morphology combining with molecular biology method to identify the species, and the results can provide etiology basis in diagnosis and prevention of birds parasitic disease.1. DNA barcoding in surveys of some birdsIn order to identify species of the birds hosts which the parasite live and make up for the short of morphological identification, we used the DNA barcoding to amply the COⅠgene of 35 birds from Shanghai flowers and birds market and the ECNU in 2012. Then we compared the gene with all kinds of birds by Blast, and analysed the results reliability by the distance method and the construction of phylogenetic tree. The results showed that the similarity was up to 99%, two Motacilla alba birds were misjudged as Turdus hortulorum birds, and two Streptopelia orientalis birds were misjudged as Columba livia. The other birds’ results were consistent with the morphological identification. The results of distance method showed that the intraspecific average genetic distance was far less than the intra, but the Turdus hortulorum birds and Turdus cardis birds had small genetic differences. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the species significant branch except the two birds. It indicated that the DNA barcoding could identify the most birds, but the precise identification for the closely related species were to be improved.The result showed that names of the12 birds is correct except 2 birds.2. Species identification of EchinostomidaIn order to identify species of the 17 parasites, which were collected from magpie(Pica pica) and oriental turtle dove(Streptopelia orientalis), belonging to the family Echinostomatidae(Trematoda), we used the morphology combining with molecular biology. The molecular biology results showed that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1(ND1) gene sequences from tremetoda found in magpie displayed 99% homology with that found in oriental turtle dove. In the phylogenetic tree, all the ND1 sequences from parasites found in two kinds of birds formed a monophyletic group and their closest relatives included Echinostoma robustum and E. friedi. The morphology results showed that the trematoda from the same kind of bird had similar morphological structure, but there were some differences from the different kinds of bird. Comparison of the morphological characteristics between the parasites found in magpie and oriental turtle dove to E. robustum or E. friedi indicated that the parasites found in two kinds of birds prefer to be E. friedi. According to the molecular and morphological results, two kinds of birds were infected with the same parasite identified as E. friedi. This is the first report of E. friedi in China and the magpie and oriental turtle dove should be the new host of E. friedi.3. Species identification of Plagiorchiida, Opisthorchiida and StrigeidaWe used the morphological method to further determine the trematodes species, through making part of mounting specimens, observating and measurementing the mounting and comparation to the reports in China. The results showed that the 256 trematodes belonged to 8 genera in 6 families of 3 orders. The Lyperosomum turdia and Glaphyrostomum emberizae have been identified to species. The Brachylecithum sp., Tanaisia sp., Plagiorchis sp., Metorchis sp., Neodiplostomum sp. and Brachylaima sp. have been identified to genera. Turdus hortulorum is a new host record of Brachylecithum sp. in China, and Cyanopica cyanus is a a new host record of Lyperosomum turdia in the world.4. The species and geographic distribution of Echinostomatidae from birds in ChinaIn order to fully understand the species and geographic distribution of Echinostomatidae from birds in China, we collected the related literature and sorted out the species, hosts, parasitic sites and geographic distribution of Echinostomatidae according to the subfamily, genus and species in the alphabetical order. In summary, 115 species of Echinostomatidae belonging to 22 genera of 9 subfamily have been recorded in China. For example, the subfamily Chaunocephalinae has 2 species in 1 genera. In the subfamily Echinochasminae 33 species in 7 genera. The subfamily Echinostomatinae consists of 51 species in 6 genera. The subfamily Himasthlinae consists of 15 species in 2 genera. The subfamily Hypoderacinae consists of 3 species in 2 genera. The subfamily Pegosominae consists of 5 species in 1 genera. The subfamily Pelmatostominae consists of 2 species in 1 genera. The subfamily Saakotrematinae consists of 1 species in 1 genera. The subfamily Sodalinae includes 3 species in 1 genera. Among the Echinostomatidae from birds, there were 10 species that could parasite on the body. These data provided perfect information for the prevention and control of bird trematodes.