The Physiological, Anatomical And Molecular Analysis Of Grape Early Bud Mutation And Their Parents’ Characteristics

Grape is one of the most important fruit trees in the world. At present, most thecultivated cultivars are medium ripening cultiars, early and late varieties is few.‘Fengzao’ and ‘Luopuzaosheng’ are the early ripening bud mutations of ‘Kyoho’ and‘Jingya’, respectively. They mature earlier about30d and20d compared with theirparents respectively. The early grape early ripening cultivars are helpful for the grapeplanting structure adjustment and anniversary supply of grape, and play a major role inimproving the economic values. The dynamic changes of fruit development, pigmentcontent and related enzyme activities, identification of stoma, leaf and stem apexsection were compared between the mutants and their parents. And four varieties’DNAfrom LⅡ and LⅠ+LⅡ layers are analyzed using SSR molecular markers, aimed tounderstand the development process of grape in early bud mutation and its parents, andprovide a reference for the understanding of grape bud mutation mechanism and thereference for the further application. The main results are as follows:1. In the process of grape berry development, four grape varieties revealed aconsistent trend, the dynamic changes of the grape berry development demonstratedthe double ‘s’ curve. In20-40days after blooming, the vertical diameter of ‘Kyoho’and ‘Jingya’ are longer than their corresponding bud mutation. And in30d afterflowering, the changes reached extremely significant level. The rapid accumulationperiod of soluble solids and soluble sugar content in early bud mutation are earlier thantheir parents.2. In the process of grape berry development,The contents of Chlorophyll andcarotenoid content decreased gradually, while the contents of cyanine is always on therise. The carotenoid content of parents is higher than the bud mutation in matureperiod, while the anthocyain contentration showed the opposite. A positive correlationwas revealed between Phenylalanine ammonia enzyme solution (PAL) and isomerase chalcone (CHI) activities and the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid. In thematurity of the fruit, the PAL enzyme activities of early bud mutations were higherthan their parents, and reached significant level.3. The LOX enzyme activity has no obvious differences between the bud mutantand their parents. The curve of PE enzyme activities is double peak in parents, while itis one peak curve in the bud mutant. On40days after blooming, the activity of PGenzyme began to rise dramatically. Both the power and rising velocity in bud mutantsare higher than that in the parents and the differences are significant. This indicatedthat PG enzyme accelerated the berry softening of the bud mutant which may be one ofthe reasons that the mutant ripen early than the parents. The activity change pattern ofβ-galactose glucoside enzyme is different with PG enzyme and PE enzyme in themutant parents.4. The observation of the structure of leaf blade showed that leaf tissue structureof four varieties were different, the epidermis in parents were thicker than that of thebud mutations, while the hypodermis thickness showed the opposite. The differencesare not significant. The differences of the stomatal density between ‘Fengzao’ and‘Kyoho’ reached extremely significant level. The length and width of LⅠand LⅡlayer cells of two bud mutation varieties are greater than that of their parent varieties,but no significant difference is in LⅠlayer. LⅡayer has reached the extremelysignificant difference. It indicated that leaves and stem apex section from LⅠlayercells did not mutate, the mutation happened in LⅡ ayer cell in ‘Fengzao’ and‘Luopuzaosheng’.5.14SSR primers were used in this study, The results of12primers showed thatthe LⅡ layer of ‘Fengzao’ mutated, but only10of primers results showed that themutation of ‘Fengzao’ in LⅠ+LⅡ layer. The primers of VVMD28and VMC5G6-1amplification results showed that the mutation happened in LⅡ layer, but LⅠ+LⅡlayer without variation, so LⅠlayer may not happened mutation.For ‘Luopuzaosheng’,the results of7primer showed that the LⅡ layer mutated, but only3primers showedthe mutation in LⅠ+LⅡlayer. The primers of VVS2,VRZAG79and VMC5G6-1amplification results showed that the mutation happened in LⅡ layer, but LⅠ+LⅡlayer without variation, so LⅠ layer may not happened mutation.It indicated that LⅠ layer cells not likely to mutate, the mutation happened in LⅡ layer cell in‘Fengzao’ and ‘Luopuzaosheng’.