The Nature And Application Of The Main Ingredients

Euryale ferox is one of the important aquatic plants in China. The nuts are easy to digest and absorb. The Euryale ferox is beneficial to spleen and kidney, and is of edible and medical values. The cultivation area of Euryale ferox has reached10000hm2in Chian today, while the use of it is confined, therefore, more efforts are needed for development and comprehensive utilization of Euryale ferox. This paper aimed to study the main composition of Euryale ferox—starch, hull and peel to provides a theoretical basis for the full use of Euryale ferox resources. Euryale ferox nuts were from two different areas, Suzhou and Jinhu of Huaian.Polygonal shape of starch granule was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface of starch particle from Huaian variety (HV) was rough. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) showed that Euryale ferox starch belonged to A-type pattern, and a higher degree of crystallinity was with the starch from the Suzhou variety (SV). Whiteness measurements showed that the thermal stability, freeze-thaw stability, gel strength and pasting temperature of the starch of SV were higher than the starch of HV, while the expansion of starch of HV was more higher.The Euryale ferox hull was used as an adsorbent for copper ions in wastewater. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), XRD, and SEM were applied to characterize the adsorbents and adsorption process parameters at related conditions, including pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of copper ion on the adsorption of Euryale ferox hull which was washed with NaOH and sulfuric acid solutions. The maximal adsorption could be obtained at pH5-6, with the particle size of the absorbent of80mesh. Kinetic studies showed that pseudo-second-order kinetic model was more suitable for the adsorption than the pseudo-first-order did; Langmuir isotherm was able to explain the results of the experiments, and revealed a monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption of Cu2+onto Euryale ferox hull was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The treatment of acid and alkali gave a better effect for the Euryale ferox hull to adsorb copper ions.The tannins in the peel of gordon nut were extracted and applied as a clarifier for beer. Based on factorial experiments, the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the conditions. The results showed that at the conditions:solvent:70%aqueous ethanol; extraction time:2h, extraction temperature:80℃, and solid-to-liquid ratio:1:43.4, the most tannin could be extracted with a content of43mg/g, approximate to the theoretical value. ANOVA demonstrated the regression equation fitted the process well and reliable. Organic solvents and macroporous resins were exploited as separation and purification aids to obtain concentrated tannin product with the content increased from40.14%to82.58%(m/m). The concentrated tannin product was further tried as a beer clarifier. The best clarification was obtained when the dose of tannin was80mg tannin/l, the quality indexes of beer were transparency of99.3%, colour of4.097EBC, turbidity of0.084A, bitterness of8.95BU, and total polyphenol of46mg/l, protein of130mg/l, and TBA of0.422A, respectively.