The Research Of The Geographical Regularity And Environmental Mechanism About Epidemic Disease Of Yunnan Province In The Qing Dynasty

Yunnan Province was an area which occured epidemic disease frequently because of its special Geographical and living environment. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911),the last feudal monarchy imperial court of our country, not only had a profound impact on the history of Yunnan Province, but also resulted in serious harms beyond the former dynasty since it was during a disasters period.On the base of historical epidemic disaster materials provided by my tutor Professor Gong Shengsheng, the paper is aimed to reveal the temporal-spatial distribution of epidemic disasters in Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty, as well researching the Environmental mechanism from the aspect of disaster science, environmental science and sociology.In term of the temporal distribution,there were132Plague years in Yunnan, which accounted for49.25%of the period of the Qing Dynasty for268years. The epidemic disease happened in every dynasty, and it was especially frequent during the mid-anaphase. Summer and autumn were the high-incidence seasons of epidemic disaster. As to the area and thickness of epidemic,the Guangxu Dynasty took the first place,and the least dropped into the Xuantong Dynasty. As a whole,the frequency period of plague happened in the late Qing Dynasty,especially for the after leave of19th Century.70counties have been involved in plague, with the highest incidence rate in the period of Xianfeng and Tongzhi. There were40plague counties in each reign of the two emperors. In the aspact of average epidemic counties of each dynasty, the Tongzhi dynasty for3.08was the first,followed by the Xianfeng dynasty for2.64. The least was the Kangxi dynasty for0.02.The frequency of epidemic of Yunnan County was20.46%,which was the first in the whole period. The second were Jianshui and Taihe,for14.39%. In terms of the frequency of each area, Dali took the first place, followed by Yunnan. The prone zone of plague was located in the central and eastern section of Yunnan Province. With regard to the migration of the gravity center of plague, it was in Yiliang Count during the earlier stage, then moving to Guangtong Count in the mid-anaphase, which presented a tendency moving from east to west.Epidemic disease is a result produced by double effect of natural ecosystem and human society. with reference to the natural environment, topography, hydrol-ogy and the plague natural foci have an influence on the distribution of epidemic disease. In terms of climatic change,the cold spells usually has high frequency of plague while the warm seplls has rare plague. The amount of precipitation affects the frequentness, which shows that the increase of precipitation is accompanied with the enlargement of epidemic disease. As to the natural disasters, earthquake, meteorological disasters and famine all have an induction on the development of epidemic disease, as earthquake, flood and drought disasters perform outstandingly. The plague occurred in developed and traffic convenient areas more than other districts. In addition, the war contributes to the spread of plague. The epidemic prevention of government and masses doesn’t essentially control the development of plague effectively, all through it limits the transmission of plague to some extent.