The Preliminary Study Of The Mechanism Of Gather Behavior Of Tessaratoma Papillosa(Drury)

Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) is one of the important pests of litchi and longan. we investigated systematically the aggregation behavior of this bug in the field all over the year, and then study on the preliminary mechanism of aggregation behavior. The results were as follows:1. The field investigation results showed that, in2012, the peak period of1st instar nymphs gathered was from the early March to the middle March, and percentage of aggregation was almost100%. The peak period of2nd instar nymphs gathered was from the late March to the late April, and aggregation percentage was56%. The peak period of3rd instar nymphs gathered was from the early April to the the late May, and percentage of aggregation was40%. The peak period of4th instar nymph gathered was from the late April to the late May, and percentage of aggregation was50%. The peak period of5th instar nymph gathered was from the middle May to the late May and June, and percentage of aggregation was70%. Meanwhile, we also found that all ages gathered together, especially1st-5th instar nymphs and adults.In the late period of5th instar nymphs, their aggregation percentage was very high but their activity was the weakest. The emergency adults preferred to gather in the tree, and aggregation phenomenon almost was on the tree crown (more than2m from the ground). Furthermore, they also preferred to gather with the same sex together other than the opposite sex. In this experiment, we identified that the aggregation peak of1st instar nymphs was the highest (average value:27.57) in the field, and that of1st instar nymphs just hatched was the lowest (7.75). The longest aggregation period of5th instar nymphs was21.12days, and that of1st instar nymphs hatched was6.19days.2. The indoor results showed that T.papillosa would gather again after dispersion in60minutes, and the state was stable after300minutes (aggregation percentage was between46%and68%). And the aggregation percentage was between22%and40%after cutting their antenna. In the other hand, there was no significant difference between light and dark.3. The results using solvent extraction and GC-MS analysis showed that solvent extractions of all instars included tridecane whose percentage was between18.76%to78.06%. We identified that2-octenal was in n-hexane extraction of nymph bodies, body volatiles of2nd-4th instars, scent liquid and excrement, whose percentage was5.35%to54.58%.2-Hexenal was in n-hexane extraction of female bodies, body volatiles and scent liqiud of adults. The extractions also included a variety of carbon alkane, acidic compounds and esters.4. EAG response value of females to female body volatiles was maximum. The EAG response value of adult males to female scent liquid (10-7μL/μL) was maximum, which was significantly higher than the response value of bugs to female excrement. EAG response value of females to female body extractions was significantly higher than the response value of males. The response value of female to male scent liquid(1μL/μL) was highest, which was significantly higher than the EAG response value of males to their scent liquid (1μL/μL)and that of females to the other extractions of males. The EAG relative value of males to male scent liquid (10-4μL/μL) was maximum, which was significantly higher than the response value of females. At the same time it was significantly greater than the response values of males to male body volatiles.(E)-2-octenal (10-4μL/μL) elicited females the highest EAG relative value which was significantly higher than the response values of other compounds except tridecane(1μL/μL) and CK. The EAG response value of females to tridecane(1μL/μL) was significantly greater than the response value of females to (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL). The EAG response value of males to tridecane (1μL/μL) was the highest, which was similar with the EAG response value of females but significantly higher than the EAG responses value of males to CK, tridecane(10-7μL/μL), tridecane (10-4μL/μL),(E)-2-hexenal (10-7μL/μL),(E)-2-octenal (10-7μL/μL) and (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL). The EAG response values of males to (E)-2-octenal (10-μL/μL) and (E)-2-octenal (10-7μL/μL) were significantly higher than the response values of them to (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL) and (E)-2-hexenal (10-7μL/μL). The EAG response values of males to (E)-2-hexenal (1uL/uL) and (E)-2-hexenal (10μL/μL) were significantly greater than the response values of them to (E)-2-Hexenal (10-7μL/μL). The EAG response value of males to (E)-2-hexenal (1μL/μL) was significantly higher than the response value of them to (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL). The EAG response values of bugs to (E)-2-hexenal (10-7μL/μL) were obvious sexual differences, the EAG response value of females was significantly higher than that of males. The EAG relative value of females to (E)-2-octenal (10-4μL/μL) was significantly higher than that of males.5. In close space aggregation experiment, we found that aggregation percentage of5th instar nynphs with the high concentration (1μL/μ) of scent liquld was the highest,. The scent liquid(10-7μL/μL) could cause the significantly higher aggregation percentage of1st instar nymphs than the excrement (1μL/μL). And the aggregation was significantly higher than the aggregation percentage of scent liquid (1μL/μL) and body extract (1μL/μL). Aggregation percentages of females to female scent liquid (10-7μL/μL and10-4μL/μL) were significantly greater than that to scent liquid (1μL/μL) and body extract (1μL/μL).The aggregation percentages of1st instar nymphs,3rd instar nymphs, and male bugs to lowest concentration (10-7μL/μL) of tridecane were the maximum.5th instar nymphs had the largest aggregation percentage with tridecane (1μL/μL). The aggregation percentage of females to tridecane (10-7μL/μL) was significantly greater than that to tridecane (1μL/μL). The aggregation percentages of the males to tridecane (10-4μL/μL) and tridecane (10-7μL/μL) were significantly greater than that to tridecane (1μL/μL). The aggragation percentage of5th instar nymphs to tridecane (1μL/μL) was the highest in all the ages and was significantly different from1th instar nymphs and males.3rd instar nymphs, the males and females had the bigger aggregation percentage with (E)-2-hexenal (1μL/μL and10-7μL/μL), but smaller with the middle concentration (10-4μL/μL). Aggregation percentage of1st instar nympg with the (E)-2-Hexenal (10-4μL/μL) was the largest. The aggregation percentage of5th instar nymphs to (10-7μL/μL) of (E)-2-Hexenal was the largest. Compare with the diffierent ages, the aggregation percentage of1st instar nymphs with (E)-2-Hexenal (1μL/μL) and (E)-2-Hexenal (10-4μL/μL) is higher than the other ages. And female had the maximum aggragation percentage with (E)-2-Hexenal.From3rd to5th instar nymphs and adults bugs had the maximum aggragation percentage with the low concentration (10-7μL/μL) of (E)-2-Octenal, and the minimum with the high concentration (1μL/μL).1st instar nymphs had the largest aggregation percentage with (E)-2-octenal (10-4μL/μL). The aggragation percentage of females to (E)-2-octenal (10-7μL/μL) was significantly greater than (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL and10-4μL/μL). The aggregation percentage of males to (E)-2-octenal (10"7μL/μL) was significantly greater than the (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL). And the aggregation percentages of1st-5th instar nymphs and adults with (E)-2-octenal (10-7μL/μL) were significantly greater than that to (E)-2-octenal (1μ/μL).Enclosed space approach-avoidance behavior response experiments showed that1st instar nymphs and3rd instar nymphs had the significant approach-avoidance behavior to the body extractions.1st instar nymphs had significant approach-avoidance behavior responses to their body volatiles (1μL/μL). All instar nymphs and males had significant responses to scent liquid (1μL/μL).3rd-5th instar nymphs had significant approach-avoidance behavior response to scent liquid (10-4μL/μL).Tridecane (1μL/μL) could caused significant approach-avoidance behavior response of1st instar nymphs and5th instar nymphs.(E)-2-Hexenal (1μL/μL) and (E)-2-octenal (1μL/μL) could cause significant approach-avoidance behavior response of all ages, while (E)-2-hexenal (10-4μL/μL) and (E)-2-octenal (10-4μL/μL) could cause significant approach-avoidance behavior responses of1st instar nymphs and1st-3rd instar nymphs.In this thesis, we studied the aggregation behavior in the field and indoor, and identified that the preliminary conditions of aggregation and the roles of illumination and antenna in the aggregation. Finally, we clarified the behavioral responses of bugs to their solvent extractions and several standard compounds. We will set up the basic study of T. papillosa aggregation and the comprehensive prevention and cure method of tropical pests.