A Research In Pan’s Making Friends With Females And Literal Position

Pan Zhiheng, living in the late Ming dynasty, is famous as a critic of the traditional Chinese opera. All his non-Mandarin life, making friends with females, writing and compiling for famous works, enjoying and criticizing traditional Chinese opera are his usual activities. And because of his critics and biographies, he is recognized by people at the same time and later times. His special viewpoints on traditional Chinese opera is praised as unique; his biographies, those describing females, named "the honor of female", win him the famous title "a loyal Dong Hu of female"(Dong Hu is a historian in Chinese history and is famous for his loyalty to the historical fact in his works. Pan is known as "a loyal Donghu of female" for his keen devotion to the biographies of the courtesans). Based on researching in the traits, relations with females, preference for female biography of Pan, this article organizes and concludes his thought, literary characters and views on traditional Chinese opera to show how positive his view on females are and his importance in traditional Chinese opera.Introduction is about the basic information of Pan Zhiheng and at the same time, an interpretation of the researching value of my thesis and the researching state of it and a prediction of the following structure of my dissertation.Chapter one is to research in the local custom of Huizhou of Pan Zhiheng’s time and living condition of Pan under that custom. At Pan’s time, Huizhou traditional opera reached a prosperity, large numbers of dramatists and operatic works coming to the fore, then lots of illustrious opera critics appeared and summarized the quintessence and removed the dross, thus shaped the opera at its being. And also, some wealthy people groomed a group of opera actors at home, which contributed to the development of traditional opera. At that time, it’s popular to dally with prostitute and even not a shameful thing to literati. Pan’s a follower to the social custom. He likes to make friends, with people all over the country; he respects the prostitute, willing to write biographies for them; he is fond of opera and often organizes opera gatherings and enjoying and criticizing opera becomes the most important activity of his life. This chapter is on the whole a description of Pan’s life, and a basement of following writing about his making friends with prostitutes.Chapter two is to clearly detail the relationships and communications between Pan and female of three different kinds. Pan shares different joys with them---poets, the art of opera, and sensitive and easily injured feelings.Chapter three is to characterize the female biographies written by Pan and his achievement in biographies writing. Women in his biographies can be classified into4kinds, those who think love comes first, those who are beauties but die in an young age, those who are well educated and of many gifts, and those who are heroic broad-minded and bold. Elegant writing style, special writing structure and clearly characteristics are the three achievements of his biography writing in literature. And also, Pan’s advanced and inclusive pioneer-like view toward female are related.Chapter four is to further discuss Pan’s viewpoint towards females and analyze the influence of Pan’s close relationship with female on Pan’s literal writing. Pan takes shape of his literal viewpoint-love first, equality first and chivalrousness first-during the process of making friends and company with females, which are really new thoughts of the late Ming Dynasty.Conclusion is to draw natural conclusions to my research and to raise questions for further study on Pan and other literati.